ICPI Certification Flashcards

Historical Usage

• Romans were the first to widely use segmental pavers in history.
• Around 1000 AD, clay bricks became common for paving in the Netherlands.
• Concrete pavers were developed in the 1950s.

Evolution of Paving Technology

• Concrete paver production machines began operating in North America in 1973.

Interlocking Concrete Paving Systems (ICPS)

• ICPS are classified as flexible systems.
• The uppermost layer consists of pavers with joint sand.
• Pavers are set on a bedding layer made of sand.
• The base layer is composed of compacted aggregate supporting the pavers and bedding.
• A sub-base layer exists below the base, also compacted.
• Edge restraints are used to border the layers and provide stability.
• Geotextiles are used to separate different layers within the paving system.

Load Transfer and Interlock Types

• Vertical interlock: Load is absorbed by bedding sand, failure occurs when sand is displaced.
• Rotational interlock: Load is shared between bedding sand and surrounding pavers, failure happens when wide joints allow twisting.
• Horizontal interlock: Load is transferred between adjoining pavers, failure occurs when pavers slide across bedding.

Factors Affecting Paver Interlock

• Influential factors include paver thickness, laying pattern, joint width, edge restraints, and paver shape and size.

Safety Measures and Compliance

• The governing document for safety systems is OSHA bulletin 2209-02R from 2005.
• The four-point safety system comprises Management Commitment, worksite hazard analysis, hazard prevention, and training.
• Common hazards include heat, eye impact, vibration, hearing damage, and silica dust exposure.

OSHA Standards

• The OSHA Hierarchy of Control consists of elimination, engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE).
• PPE for silica dust exposure includes N95 masks, half-face respirators, and respirators with an assigned protection factor above 10.

Meeting and Documentation Protocols

• Toolbox Talks/Tailgate Safety Meetings cover OSHA Log 300, safety inspection findings, accident investigations, and Cal/OSHA Safety Orders (Title 8).
• The Job Jacket includes a proposal, drawings, maps, job sheets, daily time sheets, and job quantity sheets.
• The Job Jacket is maintained in the office, not held by the site foreman, with copies provided as necessary.

Excavation and Soil Properties

• Perimeter stakes should be set 12 inches outside the excavation.
• Excavated soil volume increases by 20-30%.
• A minimum slope of 1.5% (or 3/16" per foot) is recommended away from buildings.

Material Flow and Crew Size

• Typical material flow sequence: completed paving, joint filling, paver compaction, laying, screeding bedding, bedding stockpiling, and base compaction.
• Optimal crew size for paving tasks is between 2-5 persons.

Worker Ergonomics

• Workers should bend while laying pavers to achieve a greater range of motion and reduce physical strain.

Soil Analysis and Classification

• Soil gradation is measured using a series of circular sieves with decreasing screen sizes.
• The smallest sieve size is rated at 200.
• Three USDA soil particle types are sand, silt, and clay.
• Clay soil retains moisture, drains slowly, and requires more compaction.
• Acceptable base material, according to the Standard Classification of Soils, is well-graded gravel with minimal fines.

Water Retention and Test Methods

• A 'patty test' evaluates soil's water holding capacity.
• A soft and easily broken patty indicates soil with high sand or silt content.
• A 'shake test' assesses shock absorption, with water surfacing indicating high sand content.
• A 'snake test' evaluates clay content; successful tests produce long, continuous strands.