2101 Ch13: ICMP Protocol Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of an ICMP Echo Message?

  • To create a reliable connection between two hosts
  • To deliver packets between networks
  • To secure data transmission over the internet
  • To test the reachability of a host on an IP network (correct)

Which ICMP message is used to notify that a destination or service is unreachable?

  • Echo Reply
  • Destination Unreachable (correct)
  • Time Exceeded
  • Host Reachability

What additional functionality does ICMPv6 provide over ICMPv4?

  • Increased reliability in packet delivery
  • Improved error correction
  • Support for packet forwarding
  • Enhanced message types for IPv6 (correct)

Which kind of ICMP message would likely be sent if a packet times out on the network?

<p>Time Exceeded (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might ICMP messages not be allowed within a network?

<p>They can provide information to potential attackers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ICMP function would be primarily used for remote host pinging?

<p>Echo Request and Echo Reply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Default Gateway do in relation to ICMP messages?

<p>It forwards ICMP packets to their destination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the Time Exceeded message serve in ICMPv4?

<p>Indicates that the packet has been discarded due to TTL expiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ICMPv6 message type is used for dynamic address allocation?

<p>Router Advertisement (RA) message (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ICMPv6 from ICMPv4 regarding unreachability codes?

<p>ICMPv6 codes include new definitions not found in ICMPv4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the RA message provide to IPv6-enabled hosts?

<p>Default gateway and addressing information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ICMPv6 message is specifically used for duplicate address detection?

<p>Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the ICMPv4 Protocol Unreachable code?

<p>To show that the requested protocol is not supported (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ICMPv6 handle expired packets compared to ICMPv4?

<p>Through the Hop Limit field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of network traffic does the traceroute tool primarily utilize?

<p>Sending ICMPv4 Time Exceeded messages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which message indicates that communication with the destination is administratively prohibited in ICMPv6?

<p>Communication administratively prohibited message (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a response from the local loopback address 127.0.0.1 indicate?

<p>TCP/IP is installed and working on the local host. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is pinging the default gateway important?

<p>It confirms that both the host and the router interface are operational. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which address should be used to perform a loopback test for IPv6?

<p>::1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a ping to the default gateway does not respond but a ping to another host does, what could this indicate?

<p>The default gateway has network security applied that prevents responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ICMP in relation to the 'ping' utility?

<p>To perform echo requests and replies for connectivity testing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a timeout in the first ping typically indicate?

<p>Address resolution is needed before sending the Echo Request. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can pinging another host on the same local network verify connectivity?

<p>A successful ping confirms operational status of the local network. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of connectivity test that can be performed with ping?

<p>Pinging a remote server's data bandwidth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a successful ping to 127.0.0.1 indicate specifically?

<p>IP is installed and working at the network layer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol; a network protocol that facilitates error messages and informational messages between devices on an IP network.

ICMP Echo Message

A type of ICMP message used to check if a host or device is reachable.

Destination Unreachable

An ICMP message sent when a packet can't be delivered to a destination.

Time Exceeded

An ICMP message indicating a packet's travel time exceeded a limit.

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Host Reachability

A condition where a host is available and responsive to requests.

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Echo Reply

ICMP message sent from the destination host signifying that it is available and received a previous Echo Request.

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Best-effort protocol

A networking protocol that does its best to deliver data but does not guarantee delivery. IP is a best-effort protocol.

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ICMPv4 Destination Unreachable Code 0

Indicates that the network cannot be reached.

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ICMPv4 Destination Unreachable Code 1

Indicates that the host cannot be reached.

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ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable Code 0

No route exists to the destination.

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ICMPv6 Time Exceeded

Packet's TTL/Hop Limit expires during transmission.

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Router Solicitation (RS) Message

Used by IPv6 devices to request router information.

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Router Advertisement (RA) Message

Sent by routers to provide network addressing info.

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Neighbor Solicitation (NS) Message

Used to locate other IPv6 devices on the network.

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Neighbor Advertisement (NA) Message

Sent by an IPv6 device in response to an NS message.

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Stateless Address Autoconfiguration(SLAAC)

Automatically configuring an IPv6 address without the need for a DHCP server.

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Ping Timeout

A delay in receiving a response from a network host during a ping.

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Ping Summary

A report of ping results, including successful pings, number of errors, and average round trip time.

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Local Loopback

A special address (127.0.0.1 for IPv4, ::1 for IPv6) used for testing network stack on the local machine.

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Default Gateway

The network router to which the device sends packets to reach a destination outside the local network.

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Pinging the Default Gateway

Testing connectivity to the local network router via a ping request to its IP address.

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Pinging the Local Host

A ping to the computer's loopback address to check if TCP/IP is working.

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ICMP Echo Request

The request sent by the ping tool to determine if a host is active.

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TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, a suite of communication protocols for the internet.

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Round Trip Time

The time it takes for a ping request to travel to a destination server and back to the sender.

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Study Notes

ICMP Protocols

  • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) provides error and informational messages within the TCP/IP suite.
  • ICMP is used for feedback about IP packet processing issues, but it does not make IP reliable.
  • ICMP messages are not required and are often disallowed for security reasons.
  • ICMP is available for both IPv4 and IPv6. ICMPv4 is for IPv4 and ICMPv6 provides similar functions for IPv6, with additional features.

ICMP Message Types

  • Host reachability: Used to test if a host is reachable on an IP network. Locating a host using an ICMP echo request and reply, if available.
  • Destination or Service Unreachable: Sent when a host cannot deliver a packet because the destination or service is unreachable. Codes indicate the reason a packet cannot be delivered (e.g., 0 - Network unreachable, 1 - Host unreachable, 2 - Protocol unreachable).
  • Time Exceeded: Sent by a router when a packet's Time-to-Live (TTL) field in IPv4 or Hop Limit field in IPv6 decrements to zero. Indicates the packet cannot be forwarded.

ICMPv6 Messages

  • Similar to ICMPv4, but ICMPv6 has new features and enhanced functionality.
  • New features as part of the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) for IPv6, including dynamic address allocation.
    • Router Solicitation (RS) message
    • Router Advertisement (RA) message
  • Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA) messages facilitate messaging between IPv6 devices, including duplicate address detection and address resolution. ICMPv6 ND includes a redirect message, similar to an ICMPv4 redirect message.
  • RA messages sent by IPv6 enabled routers every 200 seconds. These include addressing information for the host, such as the prefix, prefix length, DNS address, and domain name.

Ping and Traceroute

  • Ping: Used to test connectivity between hosts using ICMP echo requests and replies, measuring round-trip time and success rates.
    • Can ping local loopback addresses (127.0.0.1 for IPv4, ::1 for IPv6).
    • Can ping default gateway, remote host (remote network), or other hosts on a local network.
  • Traceroute (tracert): Lists the routers and hops along a path between two hosts, showing details like time between the request and reply and response times.

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