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Questions and Answers
What type of test is used to evaluate the ability of lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide?
What type of test is used to evaluate the ability of lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Which test involves the insertion of a flexible fiberoptic tube into the nose or tracheal tube to visualize or aspirate fluids?
Which test involves the insertion of a flexible fiberoptic tube into the nose or tracheal tube to visualize or aspirate fluids?
What is the purpose of a Stress Test?
What is the purpose of a Stress Test?
What is the purpose of a Lumbar Puncture?
What is the purpose of a Lumbar Puncture?
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What type of test is used to record electrical current?
What type of test is used to record electrical current?
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What is the purpose of an Angiogram?
What is the purpose of an Angiogram?
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What type of test is used to assess peripheral nerve injury and neuroma disorders?
What type of test is used to assess peripheral nerve injury and neuroma disorders?
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What is the purpose of Oximetry?
What is the purpose of Oximetry?
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What type of test is used to visualize or aspirate fluids from the bronchial tree?
What type of test is used to visualize or aspirate fluids from the bronchial tree?
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What is the purpose of a Laparoscopy?
What is the purpose of a Laparoscopy?
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Study Notes
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
- ICF is a bio-psycho-social model that integrates abilities and disabilities, providing a coherent perspective of human functioning and disability as they relate to health.
- It provides a common language for all health professionals for documentation and communication.
- ICF emphasizes function (activity) in daily lives over disease.
ICF Model
- Consists of two parts:
- Part 1: Functioning and Disability
- Body Functions and Structures
- Activities and Participation
- Part 2: Contextual Factors
- Environmental Factors
- Personal Factors
- Part 1: Functioning and Disability
Impairments
- Impairment of Body Function: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological function of body systems (e.g., musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular/pulmonary, or integumentary).
- Examples: ROM, strength, coordination, balance, etc.
- Impairment of Body Structure: Readily apparent during observation.
- Examples: swelling, scarring, open wound, amputation, muscle spasm, ligament laxity.
- Primary impairments: Arise directly from a health condition.
- Secondary impairments: Result from pre-existing impairments.
- Composite impairments: Result from multiple underlying causes and arise from a combination of primary and secondary impairments.
Activity Limitations and Participation Restrictions
- Activity Limitations: When a person has difficulty executing or is unable to perform tasks or actions of daily life (functional limitations).
- May be physical, social, or psychological.
- Examples: ADLs or IADLs.
- Participation Restrictions: Problems a person may experience in their involvement in life situations as measured against social standards.
- Examples: unable to work, take care of children, participate in recreational activities, socializing with family and friends.
Quality of Life
- Influenced by body health, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.
Results of Disease: Cognitive Disability
- Executive functions: Deficit in cortical function involved in goal setting, planning, and maintaining behavior.
- Complex problem-solving: Deficit in handling new information to problem-solve.
- Information processing: Deficit in the speed of information traveling in the brain.
- Memory deficits: Failure to restore or retrieve information.
- Learning disability: Problems acquiring information.
Categories of Disease
- Congenital diseases: Present at birth.
- Caused by gene mutation, chromosomal abnormalities, or multifactorial causes.
- Acquired diseases:
- Caused by infection, injury, degeneration, dietary deficiencies/excesses, idiopathic (unknown cause), or iatrogenic (treatment effect) causes.
Diagnostic Procedures
- Blood Chemistry:
- CBC (complete blood count): Includes 7 tests.
- Glucose: 70-110 mg (fasting); high = diabetes, low = hypoglycemia.
- Arterial Blood Gases (ABG): Assess gas exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.
- PO2: 75-100 mm Hg.
- PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg.
- Urinalysis: Calcium, protein, steroids, and drug testing.
- Radiology:
- Conventional radiography: Radiographic density related to size and atomic number (z).
- Computerized Tomography (CT scan): More sensitive than conventional x-ray.
- Bone Scan: Uses ionizing radiation to visualize musculoskeletal absorption of injected chemical isotopes.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Excellent for detecting soft tissue; can take images in any plane.
- Myelogram: X-ray of spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium into the subarachnoid space.
- Position Emission Tomography (PET): Produces 3D cross-section images of the brain after injection of nuclide positrons.
Heart and Electrical
- Echocardiogram: Non-invasive test using ultrasound to visualize the function of internal cardiac structures.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): Recording of electrical currents coming from the heart muscle.
- Diagnoses location, extent, and acuteness of MI.
- Halter monitoring: 24-hour ECG analysis.
- Cardiac catheterization: Catheter passed into the right or left side of the heart.
- Determines intracardiac pressures and blood flow.
- Blood gas pressures to determine cardiac output and shunting.
- Angiogram/arteriogram/arthrogram: X-ray visualization of joints and/or blood vessels after injection of radiopaque material.
- Used to assess aneurysm, AVM, leaking of vessels, arteriosclerosis, and tumors.
- “Doppler” ultrasonography: Non-invasive test evaluating blood flow velocity in major veins and arteries.
- Electroencephalography (EEG): Recording of electrical current.
- Used for seizure, sleep, metabolic, and dementia diagnoses.
- Electromyography (EMG): Recording of changes in electrical potential of muscles.
- Used to assess peripheral nerve injury and neuroma disorders.
Other Tests
- Pulmonary function tests (PFT): Number of tests to determine the ability of lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Measures lung volumes, capacities, and flow rates.
- Stress Tests: Graded Exercise Test (GXT) - observation and recording of an individual's cardiovascular response during a maximal or submaximal exercise challenge.
- Determines capacity to adapt to physical stress.
- Lumbar Puncture: Puncture between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebra to remove CSF for analysis.
- Used to assess autoimmune disease and infectious disease.
- Bronchoscopy: Flexible fiberoptic tube inserted into the nose or tracheal tube to visualize or aspirate fluids.
- Laparoscopy: Nitric oxide or carbon dioxide gas infused into the abdominal cavity through an incision near the umbilicus.
- Oximetry: Oxygen saturation.
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Description
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a bio-psycho-social model that integrates abilities and disabilities, providing a coherent perspective of human functioning and disability. It offers a common language for health professionals and focuses on functional activities in daily life.
