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Questions and Answers
What does the generalized results of research refer to?
What does the generalized results of research refer to?
Can the results of this research be generalized to other people, settings, or situations?
Juan discovers that 50 percent of his students' scores lie over 2 standard deviations above the mean. This indicates that ____________________________.
Juan discovers that 50 percent of his students' scores lie over 2 standard deviations above the mean. This indicates that ____________________________.
half of Juan's students scored either really well or really poorly
If a researcher wants to know whether the results reflect significant differences or were due to chance, she should use ______________.
If a researcher wants to know whether the results reflect significant differences or were due to chance, she should use ______________.
inferential statistics
Professor Miller finds that the mode of the exam is _______ and the median of the exam is _______.
Professor Miller finds that the mode of the exam is _______ and the median of the exam is _______.
44 months of age represents a measure of central tendency called the ______________, which does not really represent the 'center' at all.
44 months of age represents a measure of central tendency called the ______________, which does not really represent the 'center' at all.
Hansel should avoid using the ______________ as a measure of central tendency of his typical soda consumption.
Hansel should avoid using the ______________ as a measure of central tendency of his typical soda consumption.
The correlation coefficient between years in college and number of credit hours is closest to _______.
The correlation coefficient between years in college and number of credit hours is closest to _______.
Descriptive statistics help you ___________.
Descriptive statistics help you ___________.
What does a meta-analysis of 22 published articles on the hot hand phenomenon conclude?
What does a meta-analysis of 22 published articles on the hot hand phenomenon conclude?
The two most basic divisions of the human nervous system are __________ and __________.
The two most basic divisions of the human nervous system are __________ and __________.
Franco's neurons had to ______________, ______________, and ______________ information to experience pain from a bee sting.
Franco's neurons had to ______________, ______________, and ______________ information to experience pain from a bee sting.
What do dendrites do?
What do dendrites do?
Deterioration of which type of cell is primarily responsible for multiple sclerosis?
Deterioration of which type of cell is primarily responsible for multiple sclerosis?
What property of action potentials is demonstrated by falling dominoes?
What property of action potentials is demonstrated by falling dominoes?
Neuron A communicates with neuron B. The _____ of neuron A form(s) a synapse or synapses with the _____ of neuron B.
Neuron A communicates with neuron B. The _____ of neuron A form(s) a synapse or synapses with the _____ of neuron B.
What is the likely effect of acetylcholine antagonists?
What is the likely effect of acetylcholine antagonists?
What disturbances result from a lack of dopamine?
What disturbances result from a lack of dopamine?
Jack's injuries were most likely located in which area of the brain?
Jack's injuries were most likely located in which area of the brain?
Language production largely takes place in which region of the brain?
Language production largely takes place in which region of the brain?
After her car accident, Sheila's injuries were most likely located in the part of the brain known as the __________.
After her car accident, Sheila's injuries were most likely located in the part of the brain known as the __________.
For brain mapping, Sarah uses a(n) __________ scan and then applies __________.
For brain mapping, Sarah uses a(n) __________ scan and then applies __________.
Zhara has difficulty forming new memories due to damage to which subcortical structure?
Zhara has difficulty forming new memories due to damage to which subcortical structure?
The right side of the brain controls muscles on the _______ side of the body.
The right side of the brain controls muscles on the _______ side of the body.
If a person suffers a stroke on the left side of his or her brain, they will likely have a hard time controlling the _______.
If a person suffers a stroke on the left side of his or her brain, they will likely have a hard time controlling the _______.
In order to effectively conduct his study, Sammy should place the electrodes over the men's ______________ lobes.
In order to effectively conduct his study, Sammy should place the electrodes over the men's ______________ lobes.
Which part of Sharnisse's brain is responsible for perceiving tactile sensations of temperature?
Which part of Sharnisse's brain is responsible for perceiving tactile sensations of temperature?
Which lobe of Wilhelm's brain is responsible for both hearing and memory encoding?
Which lobe of Wilhelm's brain is responsible for both hearing and memory encoding?
Which nervous system transmits information from receptors in an ankle joint to the brain?
Which nervous system transmits information from receptors in an ankle joint to the brain?
Which division of Jason's autonomic nervous system was activated when he began to perspire during introductions?
Which division of Jason's autonomic nervous system was activated when he began to perspire during introductions?
Which division of Sherri's autonomic nervous system was controlling her organs while she relaxed after her exam?
Which division of Sherri's autonomic nervous system was controlling her organs while she relaxed after her exam?
What is the most likely outcome of Timothy's condition after being castrated?
What is the most likely outcome of Timothy's condition after being castrated?
The nervous system is __________ and uses __________; whereas the endocrine system is __________ and uses __________.
The nervous system is __________ and uses __________; whereas the endocrine system is __________ and uses __________.
Which statement about women's sexual behavior is true?
Which statement about women's sexual behavior is true?
Which statement is FALSE regarding ovulating women?
Which statement is FALSE regarding ovulating women?
Growth hormone is released by the __________.
Growth hormone is released by the __________.
The endocrine system is primarily controlled by the __________.
The endocrine system is primarily controlled by the __________.
What is remarkable about Michelle Mack's condition?
What is remarkable about Michelle Mack's condition?
What does modern research on cats suggest about John Locke's theory on vision?
What does modern research on cats suggest about John Locke's theory on vision?
What does the statement 'large brains are not necessarily better' imply?
What does the statement 'large brains are not necessarily better' imply?
What is true about language utilization in males and females?
What is true about language utilization in males and females?
According to the textbook, psychology is the scientific study of __________.
According to the textbook, psychology is the scientific study of __________.
According to the textbook, we are MOST motivated to think critically when what we are evaluating
According to the textbook, we are MOST motivated to think critically when what we are evaluating
Which of the following is NOT a question that a person engaged in critical thinking would ask?
Which of the following is NOT a question that a person engaged in critical thinking would ask?
If Claire is using her critical thinking skills, which of the following questions would she ask herself FIRST?
If Claire is using her critical thinking skills, which of the following questions would she ask herself FIRST?
Which question would George most likely ask about the miracle cure for baldness?
Which question would George most likely ask about the miracle cure for baldness?
Manuel's tendency to notice only angry dogs reflects which of the following?
Manuel's tendency to notice only angry dogs reflects which of the following?
This is an example of __________ when parents overestimate how common child abductions are.
This is an example of __________ when parents overestimate how common child abductions are.
Gemma's attitude towards the news report about sleep and obesity is an example of __________.
Gemma's attitude towards the news report about sleep and obesity is an example of __________.
What may Kara be unable to tell, according to the textbook?
What may Kara be unable to tell, according to the textbook?
Sandy and her husband are discussing the age-old issue of __________.
Sandy and her husband are discussing the age-old issue of __________.
Which of the following would be difficult for behaviorism to explain?
Which of the following would be difficult for behaviorism to explain?
Natural selection is defined as
Natural selection is defined as
What is evolutionary theory's primary contribution to psychology?
What is evolutionary theory's primary contribution to psychology?
Which psychological school of thought arose from Freud's attempts to understand connections between psychological and physical problems?
Which psychological school of thought arose from Freud's attempts to understand connections between psychological and physical problems?
What conclusion did Freud reach about behavior?
What conclusion did Freud reach about behavior?
How might Dr. Tucker use her knowledge of behaviorism in her therapy practice?
How might Dr. Tucker use her knowledge of behaviorism in her therapy practice?
Carl Rogers's viewpoint is most closely associated with __________.
Carl Rogers's viewpoint is most closely associated with __________.
Which statement is most closely related to the Gestalt school of psychology?
Which statement is most closely related to the Gestalt school of psychology?
Cognitive psychology was largely a reaction to the 'black box' concept of __________.
Cognitive psychology was largely a reaction to the 'black box' concept of __________.
How is the Human Genome Project advancing the field of psychology?
How is the Human Genome Project advancing the field of psychology?
What is the importance of the Human Connectome Project of 2010?
What is the importance of the Human Connectome Project of 2010?
In the area of __________ psychology, researchers argue that humans have 'cheater detectors'.
In the area of __________ psychology, researchers argue that humans have 'cheater detectors'.
What does the phrase, 'Culture provides adaptive solutions' mean?
What does the phrase, 'Culture provides adaptive solutions' mean?
Magdalena's water-saving behaviors were ____________________.
Magdalena's water-saving behaviors were ____________________.
Social psychologists focus their studies on
Social psychologists focus their studies on
Which level of analysis does Professor Tanenhaus's research target?
Which level of analysis does Professor Tanenhaus's research target?
What have researchers begun to do today in psychology?
What have researchers begun to do today in psychology?
Anne is a __________ psychologist.
Anne is a __________ psychologist.
Dr. Benedict is employed by a ______________.
Dr. Benedict is employed by a ______________.
Psychologists are __________ to the extent that they seek to gain accurate knowledge about behavior and mental processes.
Psychologists are __________ to the extent that they seek to gain accurate knowledge about behavior and mental processes.
What are the four goals of science according to the textbook?
What are the four goals of science according to the textbook?
What goal of the science of psychology does counting the number of speeders satisfy?
What goal of the science of psychology does counting the number of speeders satisfy?
A theory is defined as
A theory is defined as
What characterizes 'good' scientific theories?
What characterizes 'good' scientific theories?
Freud's theory of dreams is __________ scientific than Jean Piaget's theory of child development __________.
Freud's theory of dreams is __________ scientific than Jean Piaget's theory of child development __________.
What is a literature review?
What is a literature review?
Which of the following is an example of a naturalistic observation?
Which of the following is an example of a naturalistic observation?
When researchers repeat a study done by another scientist and find the same results, they are ____________________________.
When researchers repeat a study done by another scientist and find the same results, they are ____________________________.
Which replication study would be LEAST affected by contextual factors?
Which replication study would be LEAST affected by contextual factors?
What example illustrates the third variable problem?
What example illustrates the third variable problem?
Sophie's independent variable is ______________, and her dependent variable is ______________.
Sophie's independent variable is ______________, and her dependent variable is ______________.
What is a scientifically effective counterargument to a claim that video games lead to violence?
What is a scientifically effective counterargument to a claim that video games lead to violence?
Why did Alex's adviser correct him about self-confidence and grades?
Why did Alex's adviser correct him about self-confidence and grades?
What can be concluded if Peter finds a negative correlation between Internet use and sleep?
What can be concluded if Peter finds a negative correlation between Internet use and sleep?
How would you explain the relationship observed between pizza consumption and death?
How would you explain the relationship observed between pizza consumption and death?
What is the dependent variable in Judith's study on mood and problem solving?
What is the dependent variable in Judith's study on mood and problem solving?
When people change their behavior because they are aware they are being observed, this phenomenon is known as ______________.
When people change their behavior because they are aware they are being observed, this phenomenon is known as ______________.
Elaine should be aware that her data may not be representative of all college students because her research was based on ______________.
Elaine should be aware that her data may not be representative of all college students because her research was based on ______________.
Dr. Shin's experimental group is the ______________ group.
Dr. Shin's experimental group is the ______________ group.
What group comprises patients who continue taking the drug in Dr. Shin's research?
What group comprises patients who continue taking the drug in Dr. Shin's research?
Which of the following studies would be unethical to conduct?
Which of the following studies would be unethical to conduct?
Eugenia needs to get approval from the guardians of ethical guidelines at her university - the ______________.
Eugenia needs to get approval from the guardians of ethical guidelines at her university - the ______________.
How can Kim conduct her research ethically if she decides to mislead participants?
How can Kim conduct her research ethically if she decides to mislead participants?
It is unethical to observe people in public without their knowledge.
It is unethical to observe people in public without their knowledge.
What must Professor Newton ensure is favorable in his research study involving a head-mounted device?
What must Professor Newton ensure is favorable in his research study involving a head-mounted device?
Professor Jacobs addresses the ethical issue of ______________ by ensuring his study records are stored securely.
Professor Jacobs addresses the ethical issue of ______________ by ensuring his study records are stored securely.
William's reasoning about informed consent is correct.
William's reasoning about informed consent is correct.
Which statement best represents the ethical use of animals in research?
Which statement best represents the ethical use of animals in research?
Which individual must be part of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)?
Which individual must be part of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)?
You will likely be told everything about the experiment before you participate in it.
You will likely be told everything about the experiment before you participate in it.
Dr. Binet's results are ______________, but his measurement of intelligence does not have ______________.
Dr. Binet's results are ______________, but his measurement of intelligence does not have ______________.
If Lacee were to summarize external validity using a single question, what would she ask?
If Lacee were to summarize external validity using a single question, what would she ask?
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Study Notes
Psychology Overview
- Psychology studies the mind, brain, and behavior scientifically.
- Most critical thinking arises when new evaluations contradict existing beliefs.
Critical Thinking Skills
- Important questions in critical thinking include the evidence supporting claims.
- Confirmation bias affects perceptions: individuals notice only supporting evidence.
Cognitive Bias and Heuristics
- Overestimation of risks, like child abductions, illustrates the use of mental heuristics.
- Amiable skepticism leads individuals to question unproven findings.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Discussions about prenatal stimulation through classical music represent the nature versus nurture debate.
Behaviorism and Learning
- Behaviorism struggles to explain instinctual behaviors, such as the woodpecker finch using tools.
- Natural selection drives changes that enhance survival and reproduction.
Psychological Theories
- Cognitive psychology challenges behaviorism's limited perspective.
- Psychoanalytic theory emerged from Freud's exploration of unconscious mental processes.
Research Methods
- Behaviorism principles can help modify reactions in therapeutic contexts.
- Motivational psychology relates to industry and workplace environments.
Psychologist Employment Settings
- Most psychologists work in academic institutions, like universities or colleges.
Goals and Methods of Psychology
- Science in psychology aims for description, prediction, control, and explanation.
- Observational data gathering, like counting speeding drivers, serves descriptive goals.
Theories and Scientific Validity
- Good scientific theories generate diverse, testable hypotheses.
- Scientific theories are evaluated based on falsifiability and reliability.
Research Ethics
- Ethical guidelines are mandated for research involving human and animal subjects, requiring institutional review board oversight.
- Informed consent is essential regardless of compensation for participation.
Research Practices and Validation
- External validity questions generalizability of research findings.
- Statistical measures like mode and median provide insights into data distribution.
Causation versus Correlation
- Correlations do not imply causation; alternative explanations must be considered.
- The third variable problem highlights potential confounding factors in correlational studies.
Observational Challenges
- Reactivity occurs when subjects alter behavior due to awareness of observation.
- Convenience sampling may bias research findings and limit representativeness.
Statistical Analysis
- Inferential statistics assess the significance of observed data variations.
- Avoid skewed measures of central tendency, such as using a mean influenced by an outlier.
Ethical Treatment of Animals
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Animal research must justify inclusion based on potential findings, with veterinary oversight required.
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Ethical principles govern confidentiality and responsible experimentation practices.### Academic Concepts
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Correlation between college year and registered credit hours is approximately -.70, indicating that higher academic years often lead to fewer credit hours.
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Descriptive statistics serve the purpose of summarizing data patterns collected during research.
Theoretical Analysis
- Research on the "hot hand" phenomenon reveals a lack of scientific evidence supporting its existence, challenged by analysis of 22 peer-reviewed studies.
Human Nervous System
- The central and peripheral nervous systems are the two primary divisions of the human nervous system.
- Neurons are responsible for sending pain signals by receiving, integrating, and transmitting information.
- Dendrites collect signals from neighboring neurons while axons are responsible for transmitting those signals.
Neuroanatomy and Functions
- Multiple sclerosis is primarily due to the deterioration of glial cells.
- Action potentials display the all-or-none principle, akin to dominoes falling in sequence.
- Synapses form when terminal buttons of one neuron connect with dendrites of another.
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine antagonists can lead to memory deficits.
- A deficiency in dopamine can cause disturbances in motor functions.
Brain Injury and Areas
- Damage to the prefrontal cortex may result in significant personality changes and emotional control issues.
- Language production is located in Broca's area, situated within the left frontal cortex.
- Injuries to the brain stem can impair basic functions like breathing.
Brain Imaging and Interventions
- PET scans map brain metabolism using a harmless radioactive substance, while TMS applies a magnetic field to disrupt activity in specific brain areas.
- Damage to the hippocampus leads to difficulties in forming new memories.
Brain Hemispheres and Control
- The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, while a stroke in the left hemisphere affects the right side.
- The occipital lobes process visual information, necessitating electrode placement for brain studies.
Sensory and Autonomic Responses
- The parietal lobe processes tactile sensations such as temperature.
- The temporal lobe aids in hearing and the encoding of memory.
- The somatic nervous system transmits information from sensory receptors to the brain.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The sympathetic nervous system responds to stress, increasing heart rate and perspiration, while the parasympathetic system promotes relaxation and slows breathing.
Hormonal Influence
- Timothy’s ability to perform sexually post-castration is tied to testosterone injections.
- The nervous system operates via fast electrochemical signals, whereas the endocrine system uses slower hormone-based communication.
Gender and Hormones
- Women's sexual behavior may be more influenced by androgens than estrogens, highlighting the complexities of physiological factors affecting behavior.
- During ovulation, self-esteem does not generally increase as studies suggest.
Biological Foundations
- The pituitary gland is responsible for releasing growth hormone, while the hypothalamus controls the endocrine system.
- The absence of the left frontal lobe can lead to significant impacts on language capabilities.
Philosophical and Research Insights
- John Locke theorized that experience is necessary to learn to see; however, modern research indicates that visual restoration in kittens does not guarantee proper sight development.
Brain Structure and Usage
- The relationship between brain size and function is not straightforward; larger brains do not inherently equate to better capabilities.
- Gender differences exist in the use of brain areas, with females utilizing language-related regions more than males, who typically engage spatial-related areas.
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