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Questions and Answers

What does the generalized results of research refer to?

Can the results of this research be generalized to other people, settings, or situations?

Juan discovers that 50 percent of his students' scores lie over 2 standard deviations above the mean. This indicates that ____________________________.

half of Juan's students scored either really well or really poorly

If a researcher wants to know whether the results reflect significant differences or were due to chance, she should use ______________.

inferential statistics

Professor Miller finds that the mode of the exam is _______ and the median of the exam is _______.

<p>83; 79</p> Signup and view all the answers

44 months of age represents a measure of central tendency called the ______________, which does not really represent the 'center' at all.

<p>mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hansel should avoid using the ______________ as a measure of central tendency of his typical soda consumption.

<p>mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

The correlation coefficient between years in college and number of credit hours is closest to _______.

<p>-.70</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive statistics help you ___________.

<p>summarize the basic pattern of the data you collected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a meta-analysis of 22 published articles on the hot hand phenomenon conclude?

<p>There is no scientific evidence that the hot hand exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two most basic divisions of the human nervous system are __________ and __________.

<p>central; peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Franco's neurons had to ______________, ______________, and ______________ information to experience pain from a bee sting.

<p>receive; integrate; and transmit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do dendrites do?

<p>Dendrites detect information from neighboring neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deterioration of which type of cell is primarily responsible for multiple sclerosis?

<p>glia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of action potentials is demonstrated by falling dominoes?

<p>the all-or-none principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neuron A communicates with neuron B. The _____ of neuron A form(s) a synapse or synapses with the _____ of neuron B.

<p>terminal buttons; dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely effect of acetylcholine antagonists?

<p>memory deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disturbances result from a lack of dopamine?

<p>disturbances in motor functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jack's injuries were most likely located in which area of the brain?

<p>prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language production largely takes place in which region of the brain?

<p>Broca's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

After her car accident, Sheila's injuries were most likely located in the part of the brain known as the __________.

<p>brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

For brain mapping, Sarah uses a(n) __________ scan and then applies __________.

<p>PET; TMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zhara has difficulty forming new memories due to damage to which subcortical structure?

<p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right side of the brain controls muscles on the _______ side of the body.

<p>left</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person suffers a stroke on the left side of his or her brain, they will likely have a hard time controlling the _______.

<p>muscles on the right side of his or her body</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to effectively conduct his study, Sammy should place the electrodes over the men's ______________ lobes.

<p>occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of Sharnisse's brain is responsible for perceiving tactile sensations of temperature?

<p>parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of Wilhelm's brain is responsible for both hearing and memory encoding?

<p>temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system transmits information from receptors in an ankle joint to the brain?

<p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of Jason's autonomic nervous system was activated when he began to perspire during introductions?

<p>sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of Sherri's autonomic nervous system was controlling her organs while she relaxed after her exam?

<p>parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely outcome of Timothy's condition after being castrated?

<p>Timothy may be able to perform sexually if he has an injection of testosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nervous system is __________ and uses __________; whereas the endocrine system is __________ and uses __________.

<p>fast, electrochemical signals; slow, hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about women's sexual behavior is true?

<p>Women's sexual behavior may have more to do with androgens than estrogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is FALSE regarding ovulating women?

<p>women tend to have higher self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Growth hormone is released by the __________.

<p>pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system is primarily controlled by the __________.

<p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is remarkable about Michelle Mack's condition?

<p>She was missing her entire left frontal lobe and had problems in school.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does modern research on cats suggest about John Locke's theory on vision?

<p>Locke was not right. Kittens deprived of normal visual experience tend to be visually impaired.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'large brains are not necessarily better' imply?

<p>Larger brain size does not correlate with intelligence or capability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about language utilization in males and females?

<p>Females make greater use of language-related brain areas, and males make greater use of spatial-related brain areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the textbook, psychology is the scientific study of __________.

<p>mind, brain, and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the textbook, we are MOST motivated to think critically when what we are evaluating

<p>contradicts what we believe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a question that a person engaged in critical thinking would ask?

<p>What are the political repercussions of holding this belief?</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Claire is using her critical thinking skills, which of the following questions would she ask herself FIRST?

<p>&quot;What am I being asked to accept?&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question would George most likely ask about the miracle cure for baldness?

<p>&quot;What evidence exists to support the claim?&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manuel's tendency to notice only angry dogs reflects which of the following?

<p>confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is an example of __________ when parents overestimate how common child abductions are.

<p>using mental heuristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gemma's attitude towards the news report about sleep and obesity is an example of __________.

<p>amiable skepticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may Kara be unable to tell, according to the textbook?

<p>the difference between a good piano player and a bad one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sandy and her husband are discussing the age-old issue of __________.

<p>nature versus nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be difficult for behaviorism to explain?

<p>The woodpecker finch can use twigs or spines instinctively to forage for food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection is defined as

<p>the process by which changes that facilitate survival and reproduction are passed to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is evolutionary theory's primary contribution to psychology?

<p>mental processes, such as memory, attention, and language, result from adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological school of thought arose from Freud's attempts to understand connections between psychological and physical problems?

<p>psychoanalytic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion did Freud reach about behavior?

<p>Behavior is largely directed by mental processes that operate on an unconscious level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might Dr. Tucker use her knowledge of behaviorism in her therapy practice?

<p>She teaches patients how to react more productively in situations that frighten them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carl Rogers's viewpoint is most closely associated with __________.

<p>humanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is most closely related to the Gestalt school of psychology?

<p>&quot;the whole is different from the sum of its parts&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive psychology was largely a reaction to the 'black box' concept of __________.

<p>behaviorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Human Genome Project advancing the field of psychology?

<p>It is helping psychologists understand the extent to which specific genes affect our behavior, thoughts, and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the Human Connectome Project of 2010?

<p>It began mapping out how different regions of the brain are connected and work together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the area of __________ psychology, researchers argue that humans have 'cheater detectors'.

<p>evolutionary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase, 'Culture provides adaptive solutions' mean?

<p>Behaviors considered 'normal' in a culture today became 'norms' because they solved problems in the past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Magdalena's water-saving behaviors were ____________________.

<p>a cultural adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social psychologists focus their studies on

<p>how people are affected by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of analysis does Professor Tanenhaus's research target?

<p>individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

What have researchers begun to do today in psychology?

<p>begun to cross levels of analysis in an attempt to explain behavior at multiple levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anne is a __________ psychologist.

<p>industrial/organizational</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Benedict is employed by a ______________.

<p>university or 4-year college</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychologists are __________ to the extent that they seek to gain accurate knowledge about behavior and mental processes.

<p>empiricists</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four goals of science according to the textbook?

<p>description, prediction, control, explanation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What goal of the science of psychology does counting the number of speeders satisfy?

<p>description</p> Signup and view all the answers

A theory is defined as

<p>an explanation or model of how something works.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes 'good' scientific theories?

<p>produce a variety of testable hypotheses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud's theory of dreams is __________ scientific than Jean Piaget's theory of child development __________.

<p>less; because Freud's theory cannot be falsified</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a literature review?

<p>a summary of the scientific literature related to a theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a naturalistic observation?

<p>Watching a group of drivers over time and measuring how often they text while driving or talk on a cell phone while driving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When researchers repeat a study done by another scientist and find the same results, they are ____________________________.

<p>engaging in replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which replication study would be LEAST affected by contextual factors?

<p>An attempt to replicate a study involving the perception of color in students with normal color vision that was originally conducted in the 1970s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates the third variable problem?

<p>Both phenomena are caused by students' motivation levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sophie's independent variable is ______________, and her dependent variable is ______________.

<p>the amount of caffeine intake; hours of sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a scientifically effective counterargument to a claim that video games lead to violence?

<p>Correlations do not imply causation, so the correlation described in the article does not serve as evidence that playing video games will make you more violent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Alex's adviser correct him about self-confidence and grades?

<p>His data show an association but they do not determine a causal relationship between confidence levels and grade point average.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded if Peter finds a negative correlation between Internet use and sleep?

<p>going online frequently is related to students sleeping less.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you explain the relationship observed between pizza consumption and death?

<p>Pizza consumption and death are related somehow, but a correlational study cannot reveal any kind of causal relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable in Judith's study on mood and problem solving?

<p>the number of math problems participants correctly solve</p> Signup and view all the answers

When people change their behavior because they are aware they are being observed, this phenomenon is known as ______________.

<p>reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elaine should be aware that her data may not be representative of all college students because her research was based on ______________.

<p>a convenience sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Shin's experimental group is the ______________ group.

<p>experimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

What group comprises patients who continue taking the drug in Dr. Shin's research?

<p>control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies would be unethical to conduct?

<p>Randomly assigning people to a safe sex condition and others to a risky sex condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eugenia needs to get approval from the guardians of ethical guidelines at her university - the ______________.

<p>Institutional Review Board</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Kim conduct her research ethically if she decides to mislead participants?

<p>She must inform the participants of the study's true goals after the study is completed. She must also explain why deception was necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is unethical to observe people in public without their knowledge.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must Professor Newton ensure is favorable in his research study involving a head-mounted device?

<p>risk/benefit ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

Professor Jacobs addresses the ethical issue of ______________ by ensuring his study records are stored securely.

<p>confidentiality</p> Signup and view all the answers

William's reasoning about informed consent is correct.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the ethical use of animals in research?

<p>the inclusion of animals must be justified by the relative importance of the information that will be obtained by their use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual must be part of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)?

<p>a certified doctor of veterinary medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

You will likely be told everything about the experiment before you participate in it.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Binet's results are ______________, but his measurement of intelligence does not have ______________.

<p>reliable; construct validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Lacee were to summarize external validity using a single question, what would she ask?

<p>Is this study applicable to a larger population?</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychology Overview

  • Psychology studies the mind, brain, and behavior scientifically.
  • Most critical thinking arises when new evaluations contradict existing beliefs.

Critical Thinking Skills

  • Important questions in critical thinking include the evidence supporting claims.
  • Confirmation bias affects perceptions: individuals notice only supporting evidence.

Cognitive Bias and Heuristics

  • Overestimation of risks, like child abductions, illustrates the use of mental heuristics.
  • Amiable skepticism leads individuals to question unproven findings.

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Discussions about prenatal stimulation through classical music represent the nature versus nurture debate.

Behaviorism and Learning

  • Behaviorism struggles to explain instinctual behaviors, such as the woodpecker finch using tools.
  • Natural selection drives changes that enhance survival and reproduction.

Psychological Theories

  • Cognitive psychology challenges behaviorism's limited perspective.
  • Psychoanalytic theory emerged from Freud's exploration of unconscious mental processes.

Research Methods

  • Behaviorism principles can help modify reactions in therapeutic contexts.
  • Motivational psychology relates to industry and workplace environments.

Psychologist Employment Settings

  • Most psychologists work in academic institutions, like universities or colleges.

Goals and Methods of Psychology

  • Science in psychology aims for description, prediction, control, and explanation.
  • Observational data gathering, like counting speeding drivers, serves descriptive goals.

Theories and Scientific Validity

  • Good scientific theories generate diverse, testable hypotheses.
  • Scientific theories are evaluated based on falsifiability and reliability.

Research Ethics

  • Ethical guidelines are mandated for research involving human and animal subjects, requiring institutional review board oversight.
  • Informed consent is essential regardless of compensation for participation.

Research Practices and Validation

  • External validity questions generalizability of research findings.
  • Statistical measures like mode and median provide insights into data distribution.

Causation versus Correlation

  • Correlations do not imply causation; alternative explanations must be considered.
  • The third variable problem highlights potential confounding factors in correlational studies.

Observational Challenges

  • Reactivity occurs when subjects alter behavior due to awareness of observation.
  • Convenience sampling may bias research findings and limit representativeness.

Statistical Analysis

  • Inferential statistics assess the significance of observed data variations.
  • Avoid skewed measures of central tendency, such as using a mean influenced by an outlier.

Ethical Treatment of Animals

  • Animal research must justify inclusion based on potential findings, with veterinary oversight required.

  • Ethical principles govern confidentiality and responsible experimentation practices.### Academic Concepts

  • Correlation between college year and registered credit hours is approximately -.70, indicating that higher academic years often lead to fewer credit hours.

  • Descriptive statistics serve the purpose of summarizing data patterns collected during research.

Theoretical Analysis

  • Research on the "hot hand" phenomenon reveals a lack of scientific evidence supporting its existence, challenged by analysis of 22 peer-reviewed studies.

Human Nervous System

  • The central and peripheral nervous systems are the two primary divisions of the human nervous system.
  • Neurons are responsible for sending pain signals by receiving, integrating, and transmitting information.
  • Dendrites collect signals from neighboring neurons while axons are responsible for transmitting those signals.

Neuroanatomy and Functions

  • Multiple sclerosis is primarily due to the deterioration of glial cells.
  • Action potentials display the all-or-none principle, akin to dominoes falling in sequence.
  • Synapses form when terminal buttons of one neuron connect with dendrites of another.

Neurotransmitters

  • Acetylcholine antagonists can lead to memory deficits.
  • A deficiency in dopamine can cause disturbances in motor functions.

Brain Injury and Areas

  • Damage to the prefrontal cortex may result in significant personality changes and emotional control issues.
  • Language production is located in Broca's area, situated within the left frontal cortex.
  • Injuries to the brain stem can impair basic functions like breathing.

Brain Imaging and Interventions

  • PET scans map brain metabolism using a harmless radioactive substance, while TMS applies a magnetic field to disrupt activity in specific brain areas.
  • Damage to the hippocampus leads to difficulties in forming new memories.

Brain Hemispheres and Control

  • The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, while a stroke in the left hemisphere affects the right side.
  • The occipital lobes process visual information, necessitating electrode placement for brain studies.

Sensory and Autonomic Responses

  • The parietal lobe processes tactile sensations such as temperature.
  • The temporal lobe aids in hearing and the encoding of memory.
  • The somatic nervous system transmits information from sensory receptors to the brain.

Autonomic Nervous System

  • The sympathetic nervous system responds to stress, increasing heart rate and perspiration, while the parasympathetic system promotes relaxation and slows breathing.

Hormonal Influence

  • Timothy’s ability to perform sexually post-castration is tied to testosterone injections.
  • The nervous system operates via fast electrochemical signals, whereas the endocrine system uses slower hormone-based communication.

Gender and Hormones

  • Women's sexual behavior may be more influenced by androgens than estrogens, highlighting the complexities of physiological factors affecting behavior.
  • During ovulation, self-esteem does not generally increase as studies suggest.

Biological Foundations

  • The pituitary gland is responsible for releasing growth hormone, while the hypothalamus controls the endocrine system.
  • The absence of the left frontal lobe can lead to significant impacts on language capabilities.

Philosophical and Research Insights

  • John Locke theorized that experience is necessary to learn to see; however, modern research indicates that visual restoration in kittens does not guarantee proper sight development.

Brain Structure and Usage

  • The relationship between brain size and function is not straightforward; larger brains do not inherently equate to better capabilities.
  • Gender differences exist in the use of brain areas, with females utilizing language-related regions more than males, who typically engage spatial-related areas.

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