Ibn Khaldun's Cycles and the Mandate of Heaven

Von Ranke believed that intuition played a crucial role in reconstructing the past.

According to Ranke, the historian should judge past events to understand them.

Ranke viewed archives as laboratories where historical sources could be examined like experiments.

Ranke's methodology emphasized the importance of primary sources like diaries, letters, and eyewitness accounts.

Von Ranke's methodology involved developing a hypothesis about the problem, collecting data, and analyzing it objectively to avoid bias.

Ranke believed that the historian should focus on the story told by the data, free from any personal perspective.

Unlike scientists, Ranke believed historians should not engage in the process of questioning and seeking answers.

Ranke's focus on objectivity and historicism was rooted in his desire to understand God's plan for humanity through history.

Benedetto Croce considers history to be a form of science.

According to Croce, history deals with the establishment of general laws.

Croce believes that historical knowledge is gained through imagination and intuition.

Croce views history as a flexible field, unlike science which is restricted to general propositions and principles.

Croce believes that the spirit is a manifestation of the physical body.

According to Croce, historical judgment is based on the objective application of true and false predicates.

Croce argues that scientific knowledge is derived from individual experiences and particulars.

Military history cannot be understood without geographic knowledge.

Croce believes that history and science are distinct but complementary disciplines.

Geography and history are both concerned with the interaction of human and physical elements.

The act of thinking is essential to shaping the world we live in, according to Benedetto Croce.

History is viewed as the study of time, while geography is seen as the study of space.

Croce believed that history is unchanging, as it reflects a fixed past.

Professor Michelet believed that history was based on geography.

The Annals School of history emerged from interactions with geographers.

R.G. Collingwood believed that history is a branch of natural science.

The study of history is independent from other disciplines.

Collingwood emphasized that the study of history should involve the examination of past events without considering their implications for the present.

History and economics are unrelated realms of study.

For Croce, the historian's role is primarily to objectively record past events as they happened.

Prior to the 20th century, written sources were not considered reliable sources of history.

Economics is a branch of the physical sciences.

According to Collingwood, the study of history requires the direct observation of past events.

It is possible to study history without any understanding of economics.

The use of archaeological evidence helped reshape African history from a colonial perspective.

Collingwood argued that history is a science that studies the actions of people.

Archaeology primarily focuses on the study of ancient writing systems.

Economic history is an important component of the broader study of history.

Croce believed that the history of the past is only important when it is understood in relation to the past.

Social history has a strong connection with disciplines like economics and demography.

Literary theory, culture anthropology, and psychoanalysis had no influence on the development of cultural history.

The relationship between history and other disciplines has hindered progress in the field of history.

Vico's theory of history focuses on the evolving change of the structure of thought over time.

Vico argued that history progresses in a linear and evolutionary fashion, with each stage building upon the previous one.

Vico's main focus in his "Scienza Nuova" was to understand the specific histories of individual nations rather than a universal or eternal history.

In Vico's view, the "bestial" stage of human society is characterized by the emergence of complex societal structures and organized religion.

The "stage of Heroes" in Vico's historical schema sees the rise of an oligarchic society with distinct divisions between rulers and ruled.

Vico believed that understanding past societies only requires examining historical texts and documents.

Vico's theory of history is entirely based on a class struggle model, where the primary driver of historical change is conflict between social classes.

Vico's work had a minimal influence on later philosophers and thinkers.