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What is the Elkins Act?
What is the Elkins Act?
The Elkins Act is a 1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, allowing the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads for offering rebates.
Who was Thomas Nast?
Who was Thomas Nast?
A newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons and invented Uncle Sam and the political party symbols of the elephant and donkey.
What did the Hepburn Act accomplish?
What did the Hepburn Act accomplish?
The Hepburn Act, enacted in 1906, regulated the maximum charge that railroads could impose on shipping goods.
What was Boss Tweed known for?
What was Boss Tweed known for?
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What did the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty guarantee?
What did the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty guarantee?
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What was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty?
What was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty?
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What was the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty?
What was the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty?
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What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
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What were the Open Door Notes?
What were the Open Door Notes?
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What was the Platt Amendment?
What was the Platt Amendment?
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What did the Teller Amendment declare?
What did the Teller Amendment declare?
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What was the purpose of the Pan American Conference?
What was the purpose of the Pan American Conference?
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What did the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 require?
What did the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 require?
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What was the Sherman Silver Purchase Act?
What was the Sherman Silver Purchase Act?
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What was the McKinley Tariff?
What was the McKinley Tariff?
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What did the Granger Laws aim to achieve?
What did the Granger Laws aim to achieve?
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What was upheld in the case of Muller v. Oregon?
What was upheld in the case of Muller v. Oregon?
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What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
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What was the Wabash Case?
What was the Wabash Case?
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What did the Newlands Reclamation Act authorize?
What did the Newlands Reclamation Act authorize?
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What was achieved by the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
What was achieved by the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
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What was the Memphis Free Speech?
What was the Memphis Free Speech?
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What is the Frontier Thesis?
What is the Frontier Thesis?
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What was the Chisholm Trail used for?
What was the Chisholm Trail used for?
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What is known as the Great American Desert?
What is known as the Great American Desert?
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What was the Social Gospel Movement?
What was the Social Gospel Movement?
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What was the Ashcan School?
What was the Ashcan School?
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What is Yellow Press or Yellow Journalism?
What is Yellow Press or Yellow Journalism?
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What caused the DeLome Letter to be significant?
What caused the DeLome Letter to be significant?
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What did the Anti-imperialist League oppose?
What did the Anti-imperialist League oppose?
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What is the theme of Looking Backward?
What is the theme of Looking Backward?
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What was the impact of The Jungle?
What was the impact of The Jungle?
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What occurred during the Pullman Strike?
What occurred during the Pullman Strike?
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What was the Homestead Strike?
What was the Homestead Strike?
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What was the Haymarket Riot?
What was the Haymarket Riot?
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What is the Comstock Lode?
What is the Comstock Lode?
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What was the objective of the Ghost Dance Movement?
What was the objective of the Ghost Dance Movement?
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What are Yellow Dog Contracts?
What are Yellow Dog Contracts?
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What was Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom?
What was Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom?
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What was the American Protective Association?
What was the American Protective Association?
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Who were the Pinkertons?
Who were the Pinkertons?
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What did the National Grange Movement aim for?
What did the National Grange Movement aim for?
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What was the Cross of Gold speech?
What was the Cross of Gold speech?
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What was the Bull Moose Party?
What was the Bull Moose Party?
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What was the American Federation of Labor?
What was the American Federation of Labor?
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What was Coxey's Army?
What was Coxey's Army?
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What was the Wounded Knee Massacre?
What was the Wounded Knee Massacre?
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What were the Knights of Labor?
What were the Knights of Labor?
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What are the ABC Powers?
What are the ABC Powers?
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Study Notes
Elkins Act
- Enacted in 1903, amending the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.
- Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose fines on railroads offering rebates and the shippers accepting them.
- Targeted discriminatory practices among railroad corporations, their officers, and employees.
Thomas Nast
- Notable newspaper cartoonist known for political satire.
- Created iconic symbols like "Uncle Sam," the Democratic donkey, and Republican elephant.
- Played a significant role in exposing corruption, notably targeting Boss Tweed.
Hepburn Act
- Passed in 1906, this law regulated the maximum charges railroads could impose for goods shipping.
- Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission's authority.
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall
- Boss Tweed was the political leader of Tammany Hall, the influential Democratic Party machine in 19th-century New York.
- Tammany Hall was crucial in local politics, notorious for corruption and manipulation.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
- Established U.S. support for Panama's independence from Colombia.
- Facilitated the construction of the Panama Canal.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
- Negotiated with Colombia; authorized U.S. construction of a canal in Panama without British interference.
- Included a $10 million payment for a six-mile canal zone.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
- Agreement between the U.S. and Great Britain, preventing either from monopolizing a canal across Panama.
- Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.
Roosevelt Corollary
- A 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine.
- Asserted the U.S. right to intervene in Latin American countries to protect its interests.
Open Door Notes
- Issued by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899.
- Aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for the U.S. in China, requesting other nations not to interfere.
Platt Amendment
- Legislation limiting Cuba's sovereignty, allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs.
- Established conditions for U.S. intervention if Cuba faced difficulty.
Teller Amendment
- Declared U.S. intentions of not seeking control over Cuba post-Spanish-American War.
- Affirmed U.S. commitment to leave Cuban governance to its people.
Pan American Conference
- Initiated by James Blaine, fostering cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American nations.
- Aimed to enhance regional relationships.
Bland-Allison Act of 1878
- Mandated U.S. Treasury to purchase silver for circulating as dollars.
- Intended to bolster the silver industry and induce inflation; later replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
- Enacted in 1890, it required the Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly.
- Increased silver purchases significantly compared to the Bland-Allison Act.
McKinley Tariff
- A 1890 law that notably raised protective tariffs by nearly 50%.
- This established some of the highest import tariffs in U.S. history.
Granger Laws
- Laws passed by state Granger organizations in 1874 to regulate freight rates.
- Faced challenges and were deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Muller v. Oregon
- A 1908 Supreme Court case validating state limits on women's work hours.
- Recognized the need to protect women's health as a state interest.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
- First significant federal legislation against monopolies.
- Initially misapplied against labor unions but later used extensively for trust-busting.
Wabash Case
- An 1886 Supreme Court ruling asserting states cannot regulate interstate commerce.
- Set the stage for federal intervention in railroads.
Newlands Reclamation Act
- Authorized federal funds for irrigation and land development in arid Western states.
- Enacted in 1902 to improve agricultural conditions.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
- Reversed prior Indian policies, ensuring religious freedom and tribal self-governance.
- Provided economic aid to tribes.
Memphis Free Speech
- Newspaper founded by Ida B. Wells, advocating for civil rights and anti-lynching campaigns.
Frontier Thesis
- Proposed by Frederick Jackson Turner, suggesting frontier experiences shaped American democracy.
- Emphasized the importance of cheap land and absence of an aristocracy.
Chisholm Trail
- A key cattle drive route from Texas to Abilene, Kansas, for transporting cattle to railroads.
- Vital for the beef trade in the late 19th century.
Great American Desert
- Refers to arid lands in U.S. history between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast.
- Covered regions like the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains before 1860.
Social Gospel Movement
- Reform-oriented Protestant ministers aimed to apply religious ethics to social issues.
- Encouraged churches to fulfill social responsibilities.
Ashcan School
- Group of early 20th-century American artists focusing on realistic depictions of daily life.
- Known for the first significant U.S. art exhibition in 1908.
Yellow Press/Yellow Journalism
- Style of journalism that emphasized sensationalism and exaggeration.
- At times used misleading reports to influence public opinion.
DeLome Letter
- A letter from the Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley.
- Contributed to public support for the Spanish-American War after its publication.
Anti-Imperialist League
- Formed to oppose U.S. annexation of the Philippines.
- Advocated for anti-imperialism based on ethical and constitutional grounds.
Looking Backward
- Utopian novel by Edward Bellamy depicting a future society shaped by socialism in the year 2000.
- Challenged contemporary social and economic norms.
Our Country: Its Possible Future and Current Crisis
- A work by Josiah Strong promoting missionary work and urging Protestant engagement in cities.
- Highlighted issues of urban poverty and racial tensions.
The Jungle
- Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel exposing meatpacking industry abuses.
- Led to the 1906 Meat Inspection Act's enactment.
Pullman Strike
- Labor strike initiated due to wage cuts and high rents in Pullman's company town.
- Resulted in the arrest of Eugene Debs and minimal impact on labor conditions.
Homestead Strike
- Violent labor strike at Carnegie Steel in retaliation against wage reductions.
- Suppressed by state militia and Pinkerton agents, damaging union reputations.
Haymarket Riot
- A labor protest in Chicago escalated when police fired into the crowd, resulting in a bomb explosion.
- Heightened anti-immigrant sentiments due to the involvement of immigrants in the incident.
Comstock Lode
- Discovery of a rich gold and silver mine in Nevada, made public in 1859 by Henry Comstock.
- Significant to the mining boom and economic development in the West.
Ghost Dance Movement
- A spiritual and cultural revival among Native Americans aiming to restore traditional practices.
- Reacted against white societal dominance.
Yellow Dog Contracts
- Agreements binding employees to refrain from joining labor unions.
- Used as a tool by employers to suppress unionization efforts.
New Freedom
- Woodrow Wilson's political agenda in the 1912 presidential election emphasizing antitrust measures and smaller government.
- Aimed at fostering competition while promoting social justice principles.
American Protective Association
- Nativist organization established in 1887 focusing on immigration restrictions.
- Aimed to influence legislative changes against immigrant communities.
Pinkertons
- Private detective agency founded in 1850 with a role in labor disputes.
- Known for infiltrating unions and involvement in violent strikes.
National Grange Movement
- Founded in 1868 as a social and educational group for farmers; aimed at improving agricultural interests.
- Promoted agricultural reform and farmer education.
Cross of Gold Speech
- William Jennings Bryan's eloquent address at the 1896 Democratic Convention advocating for the free coinage of silver.
- Symbolized the struggle between gold standard proponents and silver advocates.
Bull Moose Party
- The Progressive Party formed under Theodore Roosevelt during the 1912 election.
- Focused on progressive reforms, running against fellow Republicans and eventually losing to Woodrow Wilson.
American Federation of Labor
- A labor organization focused on skilled workers' rights, emphasizing wages and job security.
- Represented a significant shift towards organized labor in various industries.
Coxey's Army
- A protest movement in 1893 led by Jacob Coxey, advocating for job creation and government relief for the unemployed.
- The march to Washington was ultimately broken up by authorities.
Wounded Knee
- Site of a tragic massacre of Lakota Sioux by U.S. soldiers, marking the end of significant Native American resistance.
- Represented the violent clashes between Native Americans and the U.S. government.
Knights of Labor
- The first national labor union, open to all except lawyers and bankers.
- Suffered from lack of clear goals and weak organization, ultimately leading to failure.
ABC Powers
- A coalition of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.
- Attempted to mediate disputes between Mexico and the U.S. in 1914, emphasizing regional diplomacy.
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