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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of receptors in biological systems?

  • To transmit pain signals to the brain
  • To convert energy from the environment into electrical impulses (correct)
  • To create chemical responses in the body
  • To generate electrical impulses from physical movement

Which type of receptor is sensitive to temperature changes?

  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors (correct)

How are receptors categorized based on the stimuli they respond to?

  • By the type of stimulus they are sensitive to (correct)
  • By the type of energy they convert
  • By the size of the receptive field
  • By their location in the body

What are nociceptors primarily responsible for detecting?

<p>Noxious or harmful stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the receptive fields of neurons in the central nervous system?

<p>They can change and are not fixed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mechanoreceptors is true?

<p>They include receptors that rapidly adapt to stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is specifically sensitive to chemicals in the environment?

<p>Chemoreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does rising temperature have on warmth fibers in thermoreceptors?

<p>They are excited by rising temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by paralysis of facial muscles due to injury at the brainstem?

<p>Bell palsy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to taste sensation when damage to the facial nerve occurs at the stylomastoid foramen?

<p>Taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue remains intact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the special visceral efferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

<p>Innervating the stylopharyngeal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for detecting increased blood pressure in the carotid sinus?

<p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur as a result of lesions in the vestibular root?

<p>Unsteady gait and nausea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of damage to the cochlea or cochlear nerve?

<p>Complete deafness or tinnitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vagus nerve?

<p>Innervating the external surface of the eardrum and internal abdominal organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical exit point of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the skull?

<p>Jugular foramen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve primarily innervates muscles controlling the movement of the tongue?

<p>Hypoglossal nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the vagus nerve exit the cranial cavity?

<p>Via the jugular foramen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the carotid sinus reflex play in physiological processes?

<p>Reduces heart rate and arterial pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves is formed by fibers from the medulla oblongata and cervical levels C1-C4?

<p>Accessory nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play during stress?

<p>It is activated producing a widespread response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for modulating visceral organs?

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the parasympathetic responses from sympathetic responses?

<p>Parasympathetic responses are not activated en masse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve exits the cranial cavity close to the vagus and accessory nerves?

<p>Hypoglossal nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

The vagus nerve has the widest distribution of all cranial nerves, reaching from the eardrum to abdominal organs.

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

This cranial nerve has two components: a cranial root from the medulla oblongata and a spinal root from cervical vertebrae C1-C4.

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

The hypoglossal nerve controls tongue movement, originating from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla oblongata.

Cranial Nerves

Twelve pairs of nerves arising directly from the brain that control various functions throughout the body.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

This part of the nervous system primarily affects visceral organs (like glands); it's not crucial for survival, unlike the sympathetic system.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

This system controls many functions throughout the body, producing widespread immediate responses like in 'fight-or-flight' situations, and localized responses.

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Facial Nerve Function

The facial nerve, or CN VII, controls facial muscles and taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue).

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Bell's Palsy

Facial paralysis caused by damage to the facial nerve at the brainstem

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Facial nerve damage at Stylomastoid Foramen

Facial muscles are paralyzed, but taste remains intact.

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Cochlear Branch Location

Receptors in the organ of Corti within the cochlea.

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Vestibular Nerve Lesion

Results in eye movement problems (nystagmus), unsteady gait, and vertigo, often toward the side of the lesion

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Cochlear Nerve Damage

Causes complete deafness or tinnitus, or both.

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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

Cranial nerve with both motor and sensory functions, exiting skull at the jugular foramen.

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Glossopharyngeal Motor Function

Innervates stylopharyngeal muscle.

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Carotid Sinus Reflex

Sensory fibers in the carotid branch detect changes in blood pressure, influencing heart rate and arterial pressure in the medulla.

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Receptor definition

Biological transducers that convert energy (internal or external) into electrical impulses.

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Receptive field

The area in the periphery from which a neuron in the central nervous system receives input.

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Chemoreceptor

Chemical receptors that detect chemicals like taste, smell, glucose, or acid-base balance.

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Thermoreceptor

Receptors sensitive to changes in temperature.

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Mechanoreceptor

Receptors sensitive to mechanical forces, like touch or pressure.

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Nociceptor

Receptors that detect noxious stimuli that could damage body tissues.

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Sensory nerve terminals

Nerve endings in the periphery around hairs that detect motion.

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Receptor classification

Receptors can be categorized based on the type of stimulus they detect.

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Afferent nerve fibers

Nerves that carry signals from receptors to the central nervous system.

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Study Notes

Cranial Nerves

  • Facial Nerve (CN VII): Innervates facial muscles; includes sensory and autonomic fibers; injury leads to facial paralysis (Bell's palsy); taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of the tongue affected when damage occurs at the stylomastoid foramen.
  • Auditory Receptors (Cochlear): Located in organ of Corti within the cochlea; air movement against the eardrum activates ossicles, causing fluid movement; lesions in this area can cause deafness, tinnitus.
  • Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX): Both motor and sensory components; motor neurons in nucleus ambiguus project to stylopharyngeal muscle; sensory fibers detect carotid sinus pressure changes (carotid sinus reflex).
  • Vagus Nerve (CN X): Most extensive distribution in body, affecting structures from external eardrum to abdominal organs. Exits cranial cavity via jugular foramen.
  • Accessory Nerve (CN XI): Formed by cranial and spinal roots (C1-C4); innervates muscles that control tongue movement and head rotation.
  • Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII): Innervates tongue muscles; originates in hypoglossal nucleus of medulla oblongata; exits the cranial cavity via hypoglossal canal.

Nervous System

Receptors

  • Receptors: Biological transducers; convert energy from internal and external environments to electrical impulses; form sense organs (e.g., eye, ear), or scattered throughout the body.
  • Classification: Based on stimulus type (e.g., chemoreceptors for taste, smell; mechanoreceptors for touch; thermoreceptors for temperature, nociceptors for pain); some receptors are rapidly adapting (e.g., hair movement), others adapt slowly.
  • Receptive Field: Area in periphery from which a neuron receives input; not fixed.
  • Reflex Actions: Nervous system positions most sensitive receptors toward a stimulus; e.g., visual reflexes; for focusing/orienting (eyes, head movement) toward a stimulus or sound.

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