Untitled Quiz

1G Systems (Invented by AT&T Bell in 1970)

• First generation cellular systems were deployed in the 1980s.
• Used analog technology and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
• Cell phones were large, had poor battery life, and offered limited voice quality with no security features.

Cellular Structure

• A fundamental concept in cellular networks.
• Involves base stations, cells (coverage areas), and users.
• Allows for simultaneous communication within a limited area by dividing the frequency spectrum.

2G Systems (1990s)

• Introduction of digital technology for improved communication quality.
• Utilized Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technologies.
• Offered basic data services like SMS (Short Message System).

2G Key Technologies

• TDMA: Time is divided into specific slots, allowing users to transmit data within their assigned slots.
• CDMA: Data is encoded with unique codes, allowing multiple users to share the same frequency band without interference.

3G Systems (IMT-2000, 2000s)

• Standardization under IMT-2000 with WCDMA and CDMA2000 implementations.
• CDMA technology was developed by Qualcomm.
• Primarily focused on data communication, with improved data rates compared to 2G.

3G Technology Enhancements

• Used 16-QAM modulation technique, boosting data rates to 2 Mbps from 64 Kbps.
• Limited potential for further data rate improvements due to error checking limitations.

4G Systems (2010s)

• Widely adopted, with over 7.5 billion subscribers.
• Designed for high-speed data communication, treating voice as data.
• Developed by 3GPP, the standard body.
• Utilized OFDMA and MIMO technology for improved capacity and data rates.

4G LTE Features

• High data rates averaging 100 Mbps.
• Capacity to serve up to 100,000 devices per square kilometer.
• High speed capability up to 350 km/h.
• IP-based communication and VoLTE (Voice over LTE) for voice calls.

5G Systems (present & future)

• Driven by the need for higher data rates, massive connectivity, and low latency.
• Utilizes wider bandwidths (millimeter waves), enabling faster data speeds and greater capacity.
• Introduces technologies like Massive MIMO and NOMA for improved spectral efficiency and user capacity.
• Supports a wide range of applications, including IoT, VR, and 3D video communication.

5G Targets

• Data rates in the gigabit per second range.
• Capacity to support over 1 million devices per square kilometer.
• Speeds exceeding 500 km/h.
• Transmission delay below 1 millisecond.

5G Technology Innovations

• Utilization of higher frequency bands (millimeter waves) for increased bandwidth.
• Increased number of cells for denser coverage and improved capacity.
• Deployment of Massive MIMO technology for simultaneous transmission to multiple users.
• Introduction of Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for improved capacity in congested scenarios.

Key Takeaways

• Cellular technology has evolved significantly across generations.
• Each generation focused on improving communication speed, capacity, and features.
• The move to digital technology marked a major milestone in cellular technology.
• 5G represents a significant leap in wireless communication with its focus on high-bandwidth, massive connectivity, and low latency.