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Questions and Answers
What is the primary aim of citizen science?
What is the primary aim of citizen science?
What is required in an INaturalist account when recording an observation?
What is required in an INaturalist account when recording an observation?
Which anesthetic is used for food fish in Australia?
Which anesthetic is used for food fish in Australia?
What factor primarily affects the dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in water?
What factor primarily affects the dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in water?
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What is the ideal condition for a healthy calf?
What is the ideal condition for a healthy calf?
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How does temperature influence fish behavior?
How does temperature influence fish behavior?
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Which water quality parameter is commonly tested for using colorimetric test kits?
Which water quality parameter is commonly tested for using colorimetric test kits?
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Why is adequate water crucial for fish?
Why is adequate water crucial for fish?
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What is the purpose of the cuticle in bird eggs?
What is the purpose of the cuticle in bird eggs?
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Which of the following components contributes the most to poultry nutrition?
Which of the following components contributes the most to poultry nutrition?
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How does the avian respiratory system differ from that of mammals?
How does the avian respiratory system differ from that of mammals?
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What is the recommended temperature for incubating fertile eggs?
What is the recommended temperature for incubating fertile eggs?
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What happens to the germinal disk during the setting phase of incubation?
What happens to the germinal disk during the setting phase of incubation?
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What is the flight zone in livestock management?
What is the flight zone in livestock management?
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What is one potential consequence of applying too much pressure in livestock management?
What is one potential consequence of applying too much pressure in livestock management?
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How long does the entire process from ovulation to laying in birds generally take?
How long does the entire process from ovulation to laying in birds generally take?
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What is the primary function of the proventriculus in chickens?
What is the primary function of the proventriculus in chickens?
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What does the ceca primarily facilitate in the chicken's digestive system?
What does the ceca primarily facilitate in the chicken's digestive system?
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What is Meckel's diverticulum in birds?
What is Meckel's diverticulum in birds?
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Which section of the oviduct is responsible for the fertilization of the ova?
Which section of the oviduct is responsible for the fertilization of the ova?
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What is the role of T-lymphocytes produced by the Bursa of Fabricius in young birds?
What is the role of T-lymphocytes produced by the Bursa of Fabricius in young birds?
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What substance primarily contributes to the formation of the eggshell in chickens?
What substance primarily contributes to the formation of the eggshell in chickens?
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How does the gizzard contribute to a chicken's digestion?
How does the gizzard contribute to a chicken's digestion?
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What will likely happen to the Bursa of Fabricius as a bird matures?
What will likely happen to the Bursa of Fabricius as a bird matures?
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What is the primary focus during the transition period after calving?
What is the primary focus during the transition period after calving?
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What does the replacement rate indicate in a dairy herd?
What does the replacement rate indicate in a dairy herd?
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Why is it important to have a minimum of 1 minute between first teat stimulation and machine application?
Why is it important to have a minimum of 1 minute between first teat stimulation and machine application?
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Which of the following best describes net photosynthesis (NPh)?
Which of the following best describes net photosynthesis (NPh)?
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What is an optimal timing for applying teat cups after initial teat stimulation?
What is an optimal timing for applying teat cups after initial teat stimulation?
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What occurs during the initial phase of vegetative growth in plants?
What occurs during the initial phase of vegetative growth in plants?
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What should be done if milking gloves become dirty during the process?
What should be done if milking gloves become dirty during the process?
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How can pasture utilization be effectively increased?
How can pasture utilization be effectively increased?
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What does a condition score of 1 indicate about an animal's body condition?
What does a condition score of 1 indicate about an animal's body condition?
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Which soil type is described as having high water holding capacity and being better for pasture?
Which soil type is described as having high water holding capacity and being better for pasture?
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What is the recommended time frame for conducting a breeding soundness evaluation in rams?
What is the recommended time frame for conducting a breeding soundness evaluation in rams?
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Which of the following actions should be avoided to prevent stress in rams before joining?
Which of the following actions should be avoided to prevent stress in rams before joining?
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What is assessed when checking the 'tackle' in ram evaluations?
What is assessed when checking the 'tackle' in ram evaluations?
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What does the 'ram effect' refer to in sheep breeding?
What does the 'ram effect' refer to in sheep breeding?
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What is indicated if a ram's testes are described as being firm but not too hard or too soft?
What is indicated if a ram's testes are described as being firm but not too hard or too soft?
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What should be evaluated when assessing the teeth of a ram?
What should be evaluated when assessing the teeth of a ram?
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Study Notes
Citizen Science
- Citizen science is public participation in scientific research to increase scientific knowledge.
- It is useful for crowdsourcing, data analysis, and data collection.
- iNaturalist is a citizen science platform for recording observations of organisms.
- Use coordinates with accuracy, evidence (photo or sound), date of encounter, and organism group or species.
Aquaculture
- Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) maximize product efficiency per water and space used.
- AQUI-S is the only anaesthetic for food fish in Australia. It is expensive with no withdrawal period, used for slaughter and transportation.
- Water quality parameters are crucial for fish life.
- Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is vital for fish respiration and ventilation.
- Low DO levels can lead to fish kills.
- DO requirements depend on species, size, feeding rate, activity level, and temperature.
- Oxygen decreases at higher temperatures, altitudes, and salinities.
- Temperature affects fish behavior, feeding, growth, and reproduction.
- pH can be tested with colorimetric kits or pH meters/probes.
- Nitrogen and Ammonia are from the atmosphere and breakdown of nitrogenous compounds.
- Nitrite and Nitrate can be tested commercially with colorimetric methods.
Dairy
- A healthy calf needs high-quality colostrum for passive immunity, suitable housing, and a progression to milk or milk replacer, water, and solid feed.
- Heifer calves should be vaccinated, fed high-quality food, and reached specific body weight percentages for joining with bulls.
Dairy Calving
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First Lactation:
- The first phase is the transition period with a negative energy balance.
- 90 days after calving: decision to breed, reached mature body weight.
- 305 days after calving: removed from milking herd for a dry period (45-60 days) for rest.
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Second and Subsequent Lactations:
- Healthy and productive cows are bred 3-4 months after calving.
- Cows can have more than 3 lactations.
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Replacement Rate: Determined by the number of cows and average lactation number.
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Milking
- Maintain a minimum of 1 minute between teat stimulation and machine application.
- Apply teat cups 60-90 seconds after initial teats and udder touch.
- A consistent milking routine helps with milk let-down (oxytocin effect).
- Replace gloves and dip if they are dirty.
- Wash teats only if very dirty, as washing can increase mastitis through capillary action.
Pasture Management
- Pasture management focuses on Net Photosynthesis (NPh): a balance between respiration and gross photosynthesis.
- Plants store carbon as tissue, and NPh is effectively the amount of carbon retained.
- During initial vegetative growth, gross photosynthesis exceeds respiration making for greater net growth.
- As plants age, respiration increases proportionally to a point where older tissue senesces.
- The balance between gross growth and senescence results in net growth.
- Net growth approaches zero as plants age.
- Senescence is difficult to directly measure but can be estimated by measuring pasture dry matter before and after grazing.
Poultry Anatomy
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Chickens:
- Proventriculus: True stomach with glands for digestion.
- Gizzard: Grinds food for digestion.
- Crop: Muscular pouch for storing feed.
- Intestinal Tract: Includes the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
- Meckel's Diverticulum: A vestigial remnant of the yolk sac, located between the jejunum and ileum.
- Ceca: For water resorption and expulsion of uric acid.
- Cecal tonsils: Lymphoid tissue at the end of the ceca.
- Bursa of Fabricius: Lymphoid organ for producing B lymphocytes.
- Liver: Large in chickens due to high food consumption.
- Air sacs: Clear membranous sacs for respiration.
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Broilers (Immature):
- Complete beak, not beak trimmed.
- Leaner than layers.
- Pink globular lymphoid tissue (part of developing hens, shrinks with age, produces T lymphocytes)
- Selected for large breast muscles and a small keel bone.
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Layers (Mature):
- Beak trimmed (protects against feather pecking).
- More prominent keel bones and pectoral muscles.
- Larger fat reserves and organs.
- Reproductive tract (ovaries with yolk follicles, 7-8).
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Oviduct:
- Infundibulum: Engulfs ova for fertilization, within 15 minutes of ovulation.
- Magnum: Produces albumen (egg white).
- Isthmus: Creates inner and outer membranes around albumen.
- Uterus: Produces the shell.
- Cuticle: Waxy coating on the shell to cover pores.
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Shell Formation:
- Calcium ions and bicarbonate ions combine in the uterus lumen.
- These ions precipitate into a membrane forming columns of calcium carbonate (palisades).
- Pores between palisades enable gas exchange during incubation.
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Avian Digestive Tract:
- Scavenger adaptation (consume large food quickly).
- High rate of metabolism with rapid digestion and defecation.
- High body temperature (38-44 degrees).
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Avian Respiratory System:
- Consists of lungs and air sacs.
- Air sacs move gas through lungs during both inspiration and expiration.
- No muscular diaphragm.
- Efficient respiratory system for flight.
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Avian Reproductive:
- Reproduction through eggs containing all components for embryonic development.
- Protective shell for the egg.
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Poultry Nutrition:
- Energy: Sorghum and wheat (60%).
- Protein: Meat, blood, bonemeal, soybean, canola meal (20%).
- Amino acids: Methionine and lysine.
- Vitamin and mineral premix.
- Calcium, salt, and limestone.
- Oil or fat (5%) for energy.
Incubation
- Eggs may be stored at 16 degrees for 10 days without affecting hatchability.
- Incubation requires 37.8 degrees and 55% humidity.
- Eggs are preheated to prevent sweating.
- The incubation process is divided into two phases: setting (0-18 days) and hatching (18-21 days)
- At 18 days, eggs are candled to check fertility.
Beef Cattle
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Flight Zone: An imaginary safety zone around an animal.
- Varies in size based on the animal's comfort level with humans.
- Agitation leads to a larger flight zone, while calm animals have a smaller zone.
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Using the Flight Zone:
- Animals move away until they are out of the flight zone.
- Pressure is used to steer cows. This is done by entering and exiting the flight zone to continuously work the edge of the flight zone, sending clear signals.
- Excessive pressure, or too much force, can cause injury. Minimum pressure is used for safety.
Body Conditioning Score
- A scoring system from 1-5, based on the weight of the animal at various stages.
- Condition 1 (Poor): Low muscle and fat, pronounced skeletal structure.
- Condition 2 (Backward): Backbone, shoulder and hip bones are visible, ribs are faintly visible.
- Condition 3 (Moderate): Hip bones are faint, ribs are not visible, tail head is not recessed.
- Condition 4 (Forward): Ribs are well covered, hip bones are not visible, tail head slightly bumpy.
- Condition 5 (Fat): Tailhead and hip bones have fat, rib bones are well covered.
Soil Types
- Clayey soil: Tiny particles, tightly packed, high water holding capacity. May lead to waterlogging, but is good for holding nutrients and water.
- Sandy Soil: Porous, does not hold water well, low water retention, requires frequent watering.
Sheep
- Ram Tipping: A routine check for breeding soundness in rams.
- Breeding Soundness Evaluation: Performed 8-12 weeks prior to joining.
- Ram Effect: Non-cycling ewes can be stimulated by the introduction of a ram.
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4 Ts (Teeth, Toes, Tackle, Testes):
- Teeth: Check for soundness and age.
- Toes: Review for gait, overgrowth, cracks, and any discoloration.
- Tackle: Examine the penis for swelling, discharge, or other issues.
- Testes: Should be the size of two aluminum cans, firm, with no substantial size difference.
- Ewe Condition Score: Used to assess the overall health and body condition of ewes.
- Tipping Ewes: Examine for lameness and foot rot.
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