22 Questions
What is the first step in applying the concept of hypothesis testing?
Specify Your Null and Alternate Hypothesis
What is the purpose of Step 2 in hypothesis testing?
To gather data
What is reported in the 'Report the Test Statistic' section of a hypothesis testing result?
The value of the test statistic calculated from the sample data
What is the purpose of the 'Interpretation of the Results' section?
To indicate whether the null hypothesis is rejected or not
What is discussed in the 'Discuss Effect Size' section?
The magnitude of the observed effect
What is the purpose of the 'Address Assumptions and Limitations' section?
To acknowledge assumptions made in the analysis and discuss potential limitations of the study
What is the last step in reporting the results of a hypothesis test?
References
What is the purpose of the 'State the Hypotheses' section?
To restate the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
What is the probability of committing a Type I error?
Alpha (α)
What is the purpose of setting an alpha (α) value?
To set the criterion for statistical significance
What is a one-tailed test used for?
To test for significance in one direction only
What happens if the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true?
A Type I error occurs
What is the probability that the null hypothesis is true?
95%
What is a two-tailed test used for?
To test for significance in both directions
What is the main purpose of hypothesis testing?
To draw conclusions about a larger population from a sample data
What does the null hypothesis imply?
There is no significant difference between variables
What is the purpose of the alternative hypothesis?
To state the outcome that one wants to conclude
What is the Greek origin of the word 'hypothesis'?
Hypo means tentative and thesis means statement about the solution of a problem
What does a p-value of 28% indicate in a study?
A difference as large as the observed is not unusual under the chance-only explanation
What is the goal of statistical significance testing?
To determine whether the results are due to chance alone
What is the purpose of the research hypothesis?
To state the outcome that one wants to prove
What is the term for using sample data to draw conclusions about a larger population?
Inferential statistics
Study Notes
Hypothesis Testing
- Hypothesis testing involves specifying null and alternative hypotheses, gathering data, conducting a statistical test, and determining whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
- A hypothesis is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two variables.
Null and Alternative Hypotheses
- Null Hypothesis (H0): A statement that implies no significant difference between variables, assumed to be true until evidence suggests otherwise.
- Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): A statement that one wants to conclude, also known as the research hypothesis.
Statistical Significance
- Statistical significance is a determination of the null hypothesis, suggesting that results are due to chance alone.
- A data set provides statistical significance when the p-value is sufficiently small.
P-Value and Significance Level
- P-value is the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
- Significance level (α) is the criterion for statistical significance, commonly set at 0.05 (5%).
Types of Tests
- One-tailed (or one-sided) test: Tests for the significance of an effect in only one direction.
- Two-tailed (or two-sided) test: Tests for the significance of an effect in both directions.
Errors in Hypothesis Testing
- Type I error (False Positive): Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
- Type II error (False negative): Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
Alpha (α) and Beta (β)
- Alpha (α): The probability of committing a Type I error, also known as the significance level.
- Beta (β): The probability of committing a Type II error.
Reporting Results
- State the hypotheses.
- Describe the data, including sample size, mean, standard deviation, and important characteristics.
- Report the test statistic.
- Interpret the results, including whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
- Discuss effect size (if applicable).
- Address assumptions and limitations.
Learn the steps involved in applying hypothesis testing, including specifying null and alternate hypotheses, gathering data, conducting statistical tests, and making conclusions. Quiz yourself on this important statistical concept!
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