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Questions and Answers
What is a hypothesis?
What is a hypothesis?
- An unprovable theory about the natural world.
- An assumption based on personal beliefs.
- A fixed conclusion drawn from a study.
- A statement/belief about certain characteristics of a population. (correct)
What does the null hypothesis (Ho) imply?
What does the null hypothesis (Ho) imply?
- Changes are observed and need further investigation.
- The researchers have evidence to support their claims.
- Differences do not exist and the status quo is maintained. (correct)
- There is a significant effect or relationship between variables.
What does the alternative hypothesis (Ha) represent?
What does the alternative hypothesis (Ha) represent?
- The statement that is tentatively accepted as true.
- A claim that cannot be tested scientifically.
- What the researcher hopes or believes to be true. (correct)
- The researcher’s belief that no changes occur.
In hypothesis testing, what is the main goal?
In hypothesis testing, what is the main goal?
Which statement about the relationship between gender and preference is correct?
Which statement about the relationship between gender and preference is correct?
What is not true regarding the null hypothesis?
What is not true regarding the null hypothesis?
What is an essential characteristic of a hypothesis?
What is an essential characteristic of a hypothesis?
How does one typically state a hypothesis in research?
How does one typically state a hypothesis in research?
What is the main goal of hypothesis testing?
What is the main goal of hypothesis testing?
What does a low p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?
What does a low p-value indicate in hypothesis testing?
In hypothesis testing, what does the significance level represent?
In hypothesis testing, what does the significance level represent?
What is the purpose of the Chi-square test in hypothesis testing?
What is the purpose of the Chi-square test in hypothesis testing?
What does the confidence level indicate in statistical analysis?
What does the confidence level indicate in statistical analysis?
If the p-value exceeds the significance level, what action should be taken?
If the p-value exceeds the significance level, what action should be taken?
What characterizes a null hypothesis in statistical testing?
What characterizes a null hypothesis in statistical testing?
What do we mean by 'confidence interval' in the context of hypothesis testing?
What do we mean by 'confidence interval' in the context of hypothesis testing?
Which of the following is true about the alternative hypothesis?
Which of the following is true about the alternative hypothesis?
Flashcards
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
A statement or belief about a population's characteristics or a potential answer to a research question.
Null Hypothesis (H₀)
Null Hypothesis (H₀)
The initial claim based on prior knowledge, assuming no change or relationship between variables.
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Ha)
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Ha)
The researcher's proposed explanation, expecting a relationship or difference between variables.
Research Question
Research Question
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Population (Parameter)
Population (Parameter)
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Goal of Hypothesis
Goal of Hypothesis
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Variables
Variables
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Association
Association
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Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing
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Null Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
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Alternative Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
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Significance Level
Significance Level
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P-value
P-value
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Confidence Level
Confidence Level
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Chi-Square Test
Chi-Square Test
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Independent Variables
Independent Variables
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Statistical Independence
Statistical Independence
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Frequency Distribution Test
Frequency Distribution Test
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Study Notes
Hypothesis Testing Overview
- Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to determine whether a claim about a population parameter is likely to be true.
What is a Hypothesis?
- A hypothesis is a statement or belief about a characteristic of a population (population/parameter) or a possible answer to a research question.
- The goal of a hypothesis is to support or propose an explanation for further investigation.
Types of Hypotheses
- Null Hypothesis (H₀): An initial claim based on prior knowledge, implying the status quo or no effect/relationship between variables.
- Alternative Hypothesis (H₁ or Ha): The claim the researcher wants to prove; it suggests a relationship exists between variables or a difference between groups.
Hypothesis Testing Steps
- Formulate Hypotheses: Clearly define the null and alternative hypotheses.
- Choose a Significance Level (α): Determine the acceptable amount of error (usually 5% or 1%).
- Compute the Test Statistic: Calculate a value based on the data.
- Determine the Critical Value: Find a threshold value based on the significance level and the degrees of freedom.
- Compare the Test Statistic and Critical Value: If the test statistic exceeds the critical value, you reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, you fail to reject the null hypothesis.
One-Tailed vs. Two-Tailed Tests
- One-tailed: Used when the research question is directional (e.g., is variable A larger than variable B).
- Two-tailed: Used when the research question is non-directional (e.g., are variable A and variable B different).
Chi-Square Test
- A statistical test used to assess whether two categorical variables are independent or related.
- The test statistic, χ² (chi-squared), is compared to a critical value from a chi-square distribution table, based on degrees of freedom. Reject the null hypothesis if the calculated chi-square statistic exceeds the critical value.
P-value
- A probability value that expresses the likelihood of obtaining the observed results if the null hypothesis is true.
- A small p-value (typically less than 0.05) suggests evidence is strong enough to reject the null.
Confidence Level
- The probability that the calculated value for a test statistic (e.g., average age, proportion) is within a specific range.
- A higher confidence level indicates a narrower range.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of hypothesis testing, a fundamental statistical method used to assess claims about population parameters. It explains what constitutes a hypothesis, outlines the types of hypotheses, and describes the steps involved in the hypothesis testing process.
