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Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing

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Questions and Answers

According to Popper, what is the primary goal of scientific inquiry?

  • To prove a hypothesis beyond a reasonable doubt
  • To confirm hypotheses through observations
  • To refute hypotheses through observations (correct)
  • To gather more data to support a theory

    • What is the key difference between the outcomes of observing O to be true or O to be false?

  • Observing O to be true refutes the hypothesis, while observing O to be false confirms it
  • Observing O to be true gives us certainty that the hypothesis is true
  • Observing O to be true and O to be false both have no effect on the hypothesis
  • Observing O to be true confirms the hypothesis, while observing O to be false refutes it (correct)

    • What is the main issue with attempting to confirm a hypothesis by showing that it entails true observational claims?

  • It relies on an invalid deductive argument (correct)
  • It is only applicable to certain types of hypotheses
  • It is a logically valid argument
  • It is a common method used in scientific inquiry

    • What is the primary reason Popper rejects induction in scientific practice?

    <p>It is a pattern of reasoning from observations to generalizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of observing O to be false?

    <p>It refutes the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between confirmation and refutation in Popper's view?

    <p>Confirmation relies on an invalid argument, while refutation uses a valid argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of scientific knowledge according to Popper?

    <p>To attempt to falsify hypotheses through observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with the statement 'I have just seen a white swan, hence the hypothesis is true'?

    <p>It is an invalid deductive argument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Outcome 1 and Outcome 2?

    <p>Outcome 1 confirms the hypothesis, while Outcome 2 refutes it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main implication of Popper's rejection of induction?

    <p>Scientists should focus on refuting hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the criticisms of Popper's falsificationism?

    <p>Popper neglects possible ways of making confirmation more rigorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of probabilistic hypotheses not being strictly falsifiable?

    <p>The criterion of falsifiability may rule out examples of good science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of falsificationism?

    <p>It neglects mechanisms of confirmation and empirical support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critique of Popper's approach?

    <p>It underestimates the complexity of observation and theory test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of ad hoc modifications of hypotheses?

    <p>They are often fruitful for scientific progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of falsificationism?

    <p>It is a narrow view of scientific practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of Popper's approach?

    <p>It neglects possible ways of making confirmation more rigorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critique of Popper's approach?

    <p>It has a narrow view of scientific practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of falsificationism?

    <p>It is a simple, logical model of scientific method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of Popper's neglect of confirmation?

    <p>It leads to a narrow view of scientific practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central concept in Popper's approach to scientific knowledge?

    <p>Falsification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes the difference between scientific and non-scientific statements?

    <p>Demarcation science / non-science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Popper, what is a key aspect of a scientific theory?

    <p>Being refutable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Karl Popper teach between 1937 and 1945?

    <p>New Zealand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of one of Karl Popper's principal works published in 1945?

    <p>The Open Society and Its Enemies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe Popper's rejection of the traditional method of confirming scientific theories?

    <p>Rejection of induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What philosophical school did Karl Popper found?

    <p>Critical rationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which book can detailed information about Popper's ideas be found, as per the reading for the lecture?

    <p>Karl Popper by Philip Parvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypothesis Testing

    • Overriding priority: eliminating uncertainty from science
    • Testing a hypothesis involves two possible outcomes: observing the expected outcome (true) or not observing it (false)

    Asymmetry of Hypothesis Testing

    • Observing the expected outcome does not confirm the hypothesis with certainty
    • Not observing the expected outcome refutes the hypothesis with certainty

    Example: Newtonian Model of the Solar System

    • Hypothesis (H): Newtonian model of the solar system
    • Observational claim (O): an eclipse will occur on 1 May 2030
    • Testing O does not directly test H, but a false O would refute H

    Lessons from Popper

    • Confirmation of a hypothesis is impossible due to invalid deductive argument
    • Refutation of a hypothesis is possible through a valid deductive argument
    • Pursue refutation, not confirmation, for scientific knowledge

    Science According to Popper

    • Scientists can only attempt to falsify hypotheses, not confirm them
    • Scientific knowledge consists of falsifiable hypotheses
    • Falsificationism: the principle of testing hypotheses through attempted falsification

    Critique of Falsificationism

    • Refutation is less straightforward than Popper assumed
    • Many hypotheses do not yield predictions on their own
    • Lack of accord with scientific practice
    • Some valuable scientific hypotheses seem not to be falsifiable
    • Popper neglects possible ways of making confirmation more rigorous

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of hypothesis testing, including overriding priority, eliminating uncertainty, and testing hypotheses.

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