Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals
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Questions and Answers

What test is used to determine if all the means are equal to each other?

  • One-sample t test
  • Chi-square test
  • Two-sample t test
  • ANOVA (correct)
  • Which test is appropriate for determining if two sample means are equal to each other?

  • Chi-square test
  • Correlation (r)
  • Two-sample t test (correct)
  • One-sample t test
  • When the independent variable is continuous, which statistical measure is used for significance testing?

  • t-distribution (correct)
  • Chi-square distribution
  • F-distribution
  • Z-distribution
  • What statistical test is used to determine if two categorical variables are associated with each other?

    <p>Chi-square test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of a cohort study?

    <p>The exposure comes before the outcome, establishing a temporal relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which study design provides stronger evidence as you move up the pyramid of study designs?

    <p>Cohort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data does an epidemic curve show?

    <p>Incident cases over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an outbreak investigation, which component includes confirmed vs suspected cases?

    <p>Case definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the p-value is LESS THAN the alpha level?

    <p>We reject the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the confidence interval does NOT include the null value?

    <p>We reject the null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of error happens when the null hypothesis is false but you subsequently fail to reject it?

    <p>Type II error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do measures of association help determine?

    <p>The relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study design involves collecting data on both exposure and outcome status at the same time?

    <p>Cross-sectional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to establish a temporal relationship in cross-sectional studies?

    <p>Data on exposure and outcome are collected at the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of study design involves comparing people with a particular condition or disease to people without the particular condition or disease?

    <p>Case-control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why cannot risk be directly calculated in case-control studies?

    <p>They cannot estimate risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypothesis Testing

    • The ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test is used to determine if all the means are equal to each other.
    • The t-test is used to determine if two sample means are equal to each other.

    Regression Analysis

    • When the independent variable is continuous, linear regression is used for significance testing.

    Categorical Variables

    • The chi-squared test is used to determine if two categorical variables are associated with each other.

    Study Designs

    • The main advantage of a cohort study is that it can establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome.
    • The pyramid of study designs, with randomized controlled trials at the top, provides stronger evidence as you move up.

    Outbreak Investigation

    • An epidemic curve shows the frequency of new cases over time.
    • The case definition component includes confirmed vs suspected cases.

    Statistical Significance

    • If the p-value is LESS THAN the alpha level, the null hypothesis is rejected.
    • If the confidence interval does NOT include the null value, the null hypothesis is rejected.

    Errors

    • A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is false but you subsequently fail to reject it.

    Measures of Association

    • Measures of association help determine the strength and direction of the relationship between exposure and outcome.

    Cross-Sectional Studies

    • Cross-sectional studies involve collecting data on both exposure and outcome status at the same time.
    • It is difficult to establish a temporal relationship in cross-sectional studies because the exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously.

    Case-Control Studies

    • Case-control studies involve comparing people with a particular condition or disease to people without the particular condition or disease.
    • Risk cannot be directly calculated in case-control studies because the sample is not a random sample of the population.

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    Related Documents

    HSERV 533 Midterm Review PDF

    Description

    Learn how to compare p-value to alpha level and determine if the confidence interval includes the null value in hypothesis testing.

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