adrenal glands

the target of aldosterone is the ____ cells in the DCT & collecting duct and the ____ cells in the collecting duct

Order the steps of aldosterone changing gene transcription

non-genomic effects of aldosterone are faster and involve activation of ____ system (e.g. incr H+ secretion and bicarbonate retention on the intercalated cells of the collecting duct)

____ has the opposite effect of aldosterone

Excess aldosterone leads to metabolic ____.

Both hyperkalemia and angiotensin II lead to ____ secretion.

In the distal collecting duct of the kidney, Aldosterone _______ the reabsorption of Na+, _____ the excretion of K+ , and ______ the secretion of H+, leading to an increase in blood pressure.

With genetic deficiency of 11β-HSD2 activity, ____ may have substantial mineralocorticoid effect

Consumption large amounts of licorice and glycyrrhetinic acid can block the activity of ______ leading to a decrease in the conversion of cortisol to cortisone.

Cortisol mobilizes amino acids from the ____ tissues --> diminishes the tissue stores of protein and at the same time it incr the liver enzymes required for the hepatic effects

cortisol stimulates to ____ occur 6-10x faster in order to increase BG

Cortisol effects metabolism by:

increased glucocorticoid secretion occurs when increased ACTH stimulated the zona fasciculata during ____ situations

What is the result of the increased capillary permeability in the inflamed area?

What occurs over time in the inflamed area that often helps in the healing process?

What effect does cortisol have on the migration of white blood cells into the inflamed area?

How does cortisol affect the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

What is the effect of cortisol on fever during inflammation?

How does cortisol contribute to the subside of inflammation?

What are the two basic anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol?

What is the effect of cortisol on the migration of white blood cells into the inflamed area?

How does cortisol contribute to the resolution of inflammation?

How does cortisol affect the immune response in infectious diseases?

What is the impact of excess cortisol secretion on red blood cell production?

How does cortisol contribute to the prevention of shock or death in anaphylaxis?

What characterizes the diurnal rhythm of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion?

At which time of day are CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion high according to the diurnal rhythm?

Cortisol effects inflammation by:

Cortisol effects inflammation by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor and stimulation transrepression of anti-inflammatory proteins

Adrenal androgens are converted to____ in the testes

____ can be caused by autoimmune antibodies that react with several steroidoogenic enzymes (most often 21-hydroxylase), tuberculosis, cancer, fungal infections, adrenal hemorrhage

____ adrenal insufficiency is also referred to as Addison's disease

Secondary adrenal insufficiency is typically caused by the pituitary gland failing to produce sufficient ____

Addison's disease leads to hyperpigmentation due to upregulation fo the ____ gene, leading to increased ___ production

____ syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol

Primary aldosteronism is also known as ____ syndrome

Patients with Cushing’s Syndrome present with all of the following, except:

The adrenal medulla composes ~____% of the adrenal mass

Most catecholamines circulate in the blood bound to ____ (low affinity)

the hypothalamus releases ____, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH

How much of cortisol is bound by corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) and albumin?

How much of aldosterone is bound by corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) and albumin?

Match the following values for aldosterone and cortisol

Aldosterone stimulates the ___ in locations such as the sweat glands, salivary glands, and intestinal epithelial cells to conserve salt when needed

Effects on protein production from aldosterone are not immediate, taking up to ____ min for protein synthesis

____ can be caused by autoimmune antibodies that react with several steroidoogenic enzymes (most often 21-hydroxylase), tuberculosis, cancer, fungal infections, adrenal hemorrhage

Net excess of aldosterone in the serum leads to ___ [Na+] and ____ [K+] in the ECF

when there is no aldosterone, large amounts of [Na+] are lost in the urine leading to ____ in ECF volume

Cortisol is ____ as potent as aldosterone when acting as a mineralocorticoid but plasma conc. of cortisol is ____

Which of the following stimulates to occur 6-10x faster in order to increase BG?

Catecholamines are amino acid derived hormones synthesized from ____

One cause of Conn's syndrome (primary aldosteronism) can be caused by small tumor of the ____ that secretes large amounts aldosterone

One cause of Conn's syndrome (primary aldosteronism) is hyperplastic adrenal cortices secrete aldosterone rather than ____

Chromaffin cells are the principle cell type within the adrenal medulla, which are “modified” postganglionic neurons richly innervated by ____ from the thoracolumbar spinal cord

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of ____ cells