Aldosterone Function:Quiz on Adrenal Glands and Protein Synthesis

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Questions and Answers

the target of aldosterone is the cells in the DCT & collecting duct and the cells in the collecting duct

principle, intercalated

Order the steps of aldosterone changing gene transcription

Lipid solubility → diffusion = Step 1 Binds to cytoplasmic mineralocorticoid receptor = Step 2 Aldosterone-receptor complex → nucleus → DNA → mRNA→ protein = Step 3 --> transepithelial Na+ transport = Step 4

non-genomic effects of aldosterone are faster and involve activation of ____ system (e.g. incr H+ secretion and bicarbonate retention on the intercalated cells of the collecting duct)

second messenger

____ has the opposite effect of aldosterone

ANP Signup and view all the answers

Excess aldosterone leads to metabolic ____.

alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

Both hyperkalemia and angiotensin II lead to ____ secretion.

aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

In the distal collecting duct of the kidney, Aldosterone _____ the reabsorption of Na+, _ the excretion of K+ , and ____ the secretion of H+, leading to an increase in blood pressure.

↑,↑,↑ (A) Signup and view all the answers

With genetic deficiency of 11β-HSD2 activity, ____ may have substantial mineralocorticoid effect

cortisol Signup and view all the answers

Consumption large amounts of licorice and glycyrrhetinic acid can block the activity of ______ leading to a decrease in the conversion of cortisol to cortisone.

11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol mobilizes amino acids from the ____ tissues --> diminishes the tissue stores of protein and at the same time it incr the liver enzymes required for the hepatic effects

non-hepatic Signup and view all the answers

cortisol stimulates to ____ occur 6-10x faster in order to increase BG

gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol effects metabolism by:

all of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

increased glucocorticoid secretion occurs when increased ACTH stimulated the zona fasciculata during ____ situations

stressful Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the increased capillary permeability in the inflamed area?

Leakage of large quantities of almost pure plasma out of the capillaries (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs over time in the inflamed area that often helps in the healing process?

Ingrowth of fibrous tissue (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does cortisol have on the migration of white blood cells into the inflamed area?

It decreases the migration of white blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol affect the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

It decreases the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on fever during inflammation?

It decreases fever by decreasing release of interleukin-1 (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol contribute to the subside of inflammation?

By decreasing tissue reactions that promote inflammation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol?

Blocking the early stages of the inflammation process and increasing the rapidity of healing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cortisol on the migration of white blood cells into the inflamed area?

Cortisol inhibits the migration of white blood cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol contribute to the resolution of inflammation?

By reducing the secretion of prostaglandins and leukotrienes (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol affect the immune response in infectious diseases?

It decreases blood eosinophils and lymphocytes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of excess cortisol secretion on red blood cell production?

It leads to polycythemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol contribute to the prevention of shock or death in anaphylaxis?

By blocking the inflammatory response (A) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the diurnal rhythm of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion?

High in the early morning and low in the late evening (C) Signup and view all the answers

At which time of day are CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion high according to the diurnal rhythm?

Early morning (C) Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol effects inflammation by:

all of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol effects inflammation by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor and stimulation transrepression of anti-inflammatory proteins

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Adrenal androgens are converted to____ in the testes

testosterone Signup and view all the answers

____ can be caused by autoimmune antibodies that react with several steroidoogenic enzymes (most often 21-hydroxylase), tuberculosis, cancer, fungal infections, adrenal hemorrhage

Addison's Disease Signup and view all the answers

____ adrenal insufficiency is also referred to as Addison's disease

Primary Signup and view all the answers

Secondary adrenal insufficiency is typically caused by the pituitary gland failing to produce sufficient ____

ACTH Signup and view all the answers

Addison's disease leads to hyperpigmentation due to upregulation fo the __ gene, leading to increased _ production

POMC, MSH Signup and view all the answers

____ syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol

Cushing's Signup and view all the answers

Primary aldosteronism is also known as ____ syndrome

Conn's Signup and view all the answers

Patients with Cushing’s Syndrome present with all of the following, except:

Impaired fuel mobilization due to primary adrenal insufficiencies (B) Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal medulla composes ~____% of the adrenal mass

10 Signup and view all the answers

Most catecholamines circulate in the blood bound to ____ (low affinity)

albumin Signup and view all the answers

the hypothalamus releases ____, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (C) Signup and view all the answers

How much of cortisol is bound by corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) and albumin?

90-95% (D) Signup and view all the answers

How much of aldosterone is bound by corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) and albumin?

60% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following values for aldosterone and cortisol

aldosterone: normal blood concentration (µg/dL) = 0.006 aldosterone: normal secretory rate (mg/day) = 0.15 cortisol: normal blood concentration (µg/dL) = 12 cortisol: normal secretory rate (mg/day) = 15 Signup and view all the answers

Aldosterone stimulates the ___ in locations such as the sweat glands, salivary glands, and intestinal epithelial cells to conserve salt when needed

Na+/K+ ATPase (B) Signup and view all the answers

Effects on protein production from aldosterone are not immediate, taking up to ____ min for protein synthesis

45-60 (C) Signup and view all the answers

____ can be caused by autoimmune antibodies that react with several steroidoogenic enzymes (most often 21-hydroxylase), tuberculosis, cancer, fungal infections, adrenal hemorrhage

Addison's disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

Net excess of aldosterone in the serum leads to _ [Na+] and __ [K+] in the ECF

increased, decreased (B) Signup and view all the answers

when there is no aldosterone, large amounts of [Na+] are lost in the urine leading to ____ in ECF volume

decrease (C) Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol is as potent as aldosterone when acting as a mineralocorticoid but plasma conc. of cortisol is

1/3000, 2000x higher (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimulates to occur 6-10x faster in order to increase BG?

cortisol (D) Signup and view all the answers

Catecholamines are amino acid derived hormones synthesized from ____

tyrosine (C) Signup and view all the answers

One cause of Conn's syndrome (primary aldosteronism) can be caused by small tumor of the ____ that secretes large amounts aldosterone

zona glomerulosa (A) Signup and view all the answers

One cause of Conn's syndrome (primary aldosteronism) is hyperplastic adrenal cortices secrete aldosterone rather than ____

cortisol (C) Signup and view all the answers

Chromaffin cells are the principle cell type within the adrenal medulla, which are “modified” postganglionic neurons richly innervated by ____ from the thoracolumbar spinal cord

cholinergic preganglionic neurons (C) Signup and view all the answers

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of ____ cells

chromaffin (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Aldosterone

The target of aldosterone is the principal cells in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct and the intercalated cells in the collecting duct.
Aldosterone changes gene transcription through the following steps:
- Binding to mineralocorticoid receptor
- Formation of a complex with heat shock proteins
- Translocation to the nucleus
- Binding to specific DNA sequences
- Activation of gene transcription
Non-genomic effects of aldosterone are faster and involve activation of the protein kinase C system.
Cortisol has the opposite effect of aldosterone.

Cortisol

Cortisol mobilizes amino acids from muscle tissues, diminishing tissue stores of protein and increasing liver enzymes required for hepatic effects.
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis to occur 6-10 times faster to increase blood glucose.
Cortisol effects metabolism by increasing glucose release from stored glycogen and increasing gluconeogenesis.
Increased glucocorticoid secretion occurs when increased ACTH stimulates the zona fasciculata during stress situations.

Inflammation and Immunity

Cortisol increases capillary permeability in the inflamed area, leading to an influx of white blood cells and resulting in inflammation.
Over time, cortisol helps in the healing process by reducing inflammation.
Cortisol inhibits the migration of white blood cells into the inflamed area, reducing inflammation.
Cortisol inhibits the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, reducing inflammation.
Cortisol reduces fever during inflammation.
Cortisol contributes to the subsidence of inflammation.
The two basic anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol are:
- Reducing the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
- Inhibiting the migration of white blood cells into the inflamed area
Cortisol contributes to the resolution of inflammation by reducing inflammation.
Cortisol affects the immune response in infectious diseases by reducing inflammation.
Excess cortisol secretion impairs red blood cell production.

Diurnal Rhythm and CRH

The diurnal rhythm of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion is characterized by high levels in the morning and low levels at night.
CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion are high in the morning.

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal androgens are converted to testosterone in the testes.
Addison's disease is caused by autoimmune antibodies that react with several steroidogenic enzymes, tuberculosis, cancer, fungal infections, or adrenal hemorrhage.
Secondary adrenal insufficiency is typically caused by the pituitary gland failing to produce sufficient ACTH.
Addison's disease leads to hyperpigmentation due to upregulation of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene, leading to increased melanin production.
Cushing's syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of cortisol.
Primary aldosteronism is also known as Conn's syndrome.
The adrenal medulla composes approximately 10% of the adrenal mass.
Most catecholamines circulate in the blood bound to albumin.

Aldosterone and Cortisol Binding

95% of cortisol is bound by corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) and albumin.
30% of aldosterone is bound by corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) and albumin.

Aldosterone Effects

Aldosterone stimulates the ENaC channel in locations such as the sweat glands, salivary glands, and intestinal epithelial cells to conserve salt when needed.
Effects on protein production from aldosterone are not immediate, taking up to 30 minutes for protein synthesis.
Net excess of aldosterone in the serum leads to high [Na+] and low [K+] in the ECF.
When there is no aldosterone, large amounts of [Na+] are lost in the urine, leading to decreased ECF volume.
Cortisol is 1/100th as potent as aldosterone when acting as a mineralocorticoid, but plasma concentrations of cortisol are higher.

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Questions and Answers

the target of aldosterone is the ____ cells in the DCT & collecting duct and the ____ cells in the collecting duct

Order the steps of aldosterone changing gene transcription

non-genomic effects of aldosterone are faster and involve activation of ____ system (e.g. incr H+ secretion and bicarbonate retention on the intercalated cells of the collecting duct)

____ has the opposite effect of aldosterone

Excess aldosterone leads to metabolic ____.

Both hyperkalemia and angiotensin II lead to ____ secretion.

In the distal collecting duct of the kidney, Aldosterone _______ the reabsorption of Na+, _____ the excretion of K+ , and ______ the secretion of H+, leading to an increase in blood pressure.

With genetic deficiency of 11β-HSD2 activity, ____ may have substantial mineralocorticoid effect

Consumption large amounts of licorice and glycyrrhetinic acid can block the activity of ______ leading to a decrease in the conversion of cortisol to cortisone.

Cortisol mobilizes amino acids from the ____ tissues --> diminishes the tissue stores of protein and at the same time it incr the liver enzymes required for the hepatic effects

cortisol stimulates to ____ occur 6-10x faster in order to increase BG

Cortisol effects metabolism by:

increased glucocorticoid secretion occurs when increased ACTH stimulated the zona fasciculata during ____ situations

What is the result of the increased capillary permeability in the inflamed area?

What occurs over time in the inflamed area that often helps in the healing process?

What effect does cortisol have on the migration of white blood cells into the inflamed area?

How does cortisol affect the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

What is the effect of cortisol on fever during inflammation?

How does cortisol contribute to the subside of inflammation?

What are the two basic anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol?

What is the effect of cortisol on the migration of white blood cells into the inflamed area?

How does cortisol contribute to the resolution of inflammation?

How does cortisol affect the immune response in infectious diseases?

What is the impact of excess cortisol secretion on red blood cell production?

How does cortisol contribute to the prevention of shock or death in anaphylaxis?

What characterizes the diurnal rhythm of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion?

At which time of day are CRH, ACTH, and cortisol secretion high according to the diurnal rhythm?

Cortisol effects inflammation by:

Cortisol effects inflammation by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor and stimulation transrepression of anti-inflammatory proteins

Adrenal androgens are converted to____ in the testes

____ can be caused by autoimmune antibodies that react with several steroidoogenic enzymes (most often 21-hydroxylase), tuberculosis, cancer, fungal infections, adrenal hemorrhage

____ adrenal insufficiency is also referred to as Addison's disease

Secondary adrenal insufficiency is typically caused by the pituitary gland failing to produce sufficient ____

Addison's disease leads to hyperpigmentation due to upregulation fo the ____ gene, leading to increased ___ production

____ syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol

Primary aldosteronism is also known as ____ syndrome

Patients with Cushing’s Syndrome present with all of the following, except:

The adrenal medulla composes ~____% of the adrenal mass

Most catecholamines circulate in the blood bound to ____ (low affinity)

the hypothalamus releases ____, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH

How much of cortisol is bound by corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) and albumin?

How much of aldosterone is bound by corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin) and albumin?

Match the following values for aldosterone and cortisol

Aldosterone stimulates the ___ in locations such as the sweat glands, salivary glands, and intestinal epithelial cells to conserve salt when needed

Effects on protein production from aldosterone are not immediate, taking up to ____ min for protein synthesis

____ can be caused by autoimmune antibodies that react with several steroidoogenic enzymes (most often 21-hydroxylase), tuberculosis, cancer, fungal infections, adrenal hemorrhage

Net excess of aldosterone in the serum leads to ___ [Na+] and ____ [K+] in the ECF

when there is no aldosterone, large amounts of [Na+] are lost in the urine leading to ____ in ECF volume

Cortisol is ____ as potent as aldosterone when acting as a mineralocorticoid but plasma conc. of cortisol is ____

Which of the following stimulates to occur 6-10x faster in order to increase BG?

Catecholamines are amino acid derived hormones synthesized from ____

One cause of Conn's syndrome (primary aldosteronism) can be caused by small tumor of the ____ that secretes large amounts aldosterone

One cause of Conn's syndrome (primary aldosteronism) is hyperplastic adrenal cortices secrete aldosterone rather than ____

Chromaffin cells are the principle cell type within the adrenal medulla, which are “modified” postganglionic neurons richly innervated by ____ from the thoracolumbar spinal cord

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of ____ cells

Study Notes

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Inflammation and Immunity

Diurnal Rhythm and CRH

Adrenal Glands

Aldosterone and Cortisol Binding

Aldosterone Effects

Studying That Suits You

Description

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the target of aldosterone is the cells in the DCT & collecting duct and the cells in the collecting duct

In the distal collecting duct of the kidney, Aldosterone _____ the reabsorption of Na+, _ the excretion of K+ , and ____ the secretion of H+, leading to an increase in blood pressure.

Addison's disease leads to hyperpigmentation due to upregulation fo the __ gene, leading to increased _ production

Net excess of aldosterone in the serum leads to _ [Na+] and __ [K+] in the ECF

Cortisol is as potent as aldosterone when acting as a mineralocorticoid but plasma conc. of cortisol is