MPP II 3.2 - OVERVIEW OF THE HPA (LOWERY)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary target of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)?

  • Gonadotrophs
  • Somatotrophs
  • Thyrotrophs (correct)
  • Corticotrophs

Which hypophysiotropic hormone negatively regulates Prolactin (Prl) secretion?

  • Dopamine (correct)
  • TRH
  • CRH
  • GHRH

A researcher discovers a novel hormone that stimulates the release of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Which hypophysiotropic hormone is most likely to have similar function?

  • Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) (correct)
  • Somatostatin (SS)
  • Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones is NOT directly regulated by Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (B)</p>
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Somatostatin (SS) inhibits the release of which anterior pituitary hormone?

<p>Growth Hormone (GH) (C)</p>
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Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones targets the adrenal cortex?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (D)</p>
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Which of the following is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

<p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (A)</p>
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If a patient has a tumor that selectively destroys lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary, which of the following hormone levels would be expected to decrease?

<p>Prolactin (Prl) (A)</p>
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The gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary respond to GnRH by producing:

<p>LH and FSH (C)</p>
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After a head trauma incident, a patient exhibits hypopituitarism, specifically a deficiency in ACTH. Which of the following hypothalamic hormones is most likely affected?

<p>CRH (D)</p>
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A researcher is studying the effects of a novel drug on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The drug increases the levels of TSH. Which hypothalamic hormone action is most likely enhanced by the drug?

<p>Increased TRH release (A)</p>
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Which of the following is the primary target organ of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

<p>Thyroid Gland (A)</p>
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Which of the following hormones that target the gonads, is regulated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

<p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (B)</p>
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Which of the following is another name for Somatostatin (SS)?

<p>GH-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) (D)</p>
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Which of the following is the target of Dopamine released from the hypothalamus?

<p>Lactotrophs (C)</p>
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Which of the following is the target of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) released from the hypothalamus?

<p>Corticotrophs (A)</p>
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Which of the following hypothalamic peptides inhibits the release of Growth Hormone (GH)?

<p>SS (B)</p>
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Which of the following hypothalamic peptides stimulates the release of Growth Hormone (GH)?

<p>GHRH (B)</p>
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Which class is ACTH from the anterior pituitary derived from?

<p>Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) (C)</p>
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Which of the following is targeted by LH (Leutinizing Hormone)?

<p>Gonads (A)</p>
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A woman is struggling with milk production. Which anterior pituitary hormone is most likely involved?

<p>Prolactin (Prl) (C)</p>
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Which of the following structural characteristics is unique to the glycoprotein family of anterior pituitary hormones?

<p>A common α-subunit (B)</p>
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Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones are related to human placental lactogen?

<p>Growth hormone &amp; prolactin (B)</p>
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Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones undergoes post-translational cleavage?

<p>Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) (C)</p>
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Which is the alternate name for LH (Leutinizing Hormone)?

<p>Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) (C)</p>
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Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones is a pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide hormone?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (D)</p>
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Which of the following is the pathway for a stimulus to influence the anterior pituitary?

<p>Stimulus -&gt; Hypothalamus -&gt; Hypophysiotropic Hormone -&gt; Anterior Pituitary -&gt; Regulated Hormone -&gt; Target Organ (C)</p>
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A patient is diagnosed with a deficiency in the production of releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. Where are these hormones released?

<p>Median Eminence (A)</p>
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The arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus are associated with which area?

<p>Hypothalamus (A)</p>
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Flashcards

Hypophysiotropic Hormones

Hormones released by the hypothalamus that control the anterior pituitary gland.

TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone)

A hormone that targets thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary to release Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)

A hormone that targets corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to release Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).

GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)

A hormone that targets gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to release Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

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Somatostatin (SS)

A hormone that negatively regulates Growth Hormone (GH) release from somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary.

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GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone)

A hormone that stimulates Growth Hormone (GH) release from somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary.

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Dopamine

A hormone that negatively regulates Prolactin (Prl) release from lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary.

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Thyrotroph Target

The anterior pituitary cell type targeted by TRH.

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Corticotroph target

The anterior pituitary cell type targeted by CRH.

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Gonadotroph target

The anterior pituitary cell type targeted by GnRH.

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Somatotroph Target

The anterior pituitary cell type targeted by Somatostatin.

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Lactotroph Target

The anterior pituitary cell type targeted by Dopamine.

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TSH target organ

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone--targets the thyroid.

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ACTH Target Organ

Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Targets the adrenal glands.

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FSH and LH Target Organ

Follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone. Targets the gonads.

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GH target organ

Targets the skeleton, skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue.

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PRL target organ

Targets the breasts.

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Anterior Pituitary Hormone Families

Glycoproteins, Growth hormone & prolactin, Pro-opiomelanocortin.

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Glycoprotein Hormones

TSH, FSH, and LH. They have a common alpha subunit and confer biological specificity.

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Growth Hormone & Prolactin

Structural and genetic ~ Human placental lactogen.

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Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

ACTH, B-endorphin, a-, B- and y- melanocyte-stimulating hormones.

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Study Notes

  • Hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus regulate anterior pituitary function.
  • The sequence is: Hypophysiotropic Hormone → Target Cell in Anterior Pituitary → Regulated Hormone (+/-) and its Family → Target Organ

Overview of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

  • A stimulus (or positive feedback) activates the hypothalamus that releases hypophysiotropic hormones.
  • These hormones target specific cells in the anterior pituitary.
  • The anterior pituitary then releases regulated hormones, that belong to different families.
  • Regulated hormones then act on their target organs, leading to general effects.
  • Negative feedback from the target organs can inhibit the hypothalamus.

Hypophysiotropic Hormones

  • Originate from specific areas of the hypothalamus including:
    • Paraventricular nucleus
    • Preoptic area
    • Arcuate nucleus
  • Reach the pituitary via long portal veins.

Hypophysiotropic Hormone Names

  • TRH (thryotropin-releasing hormone)
  • CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
  • GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), also known as LHRH
  • GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone)
  • SS (somatostatin)
  • Dopamine

Target Cells in the Anterior Pituitary

  • Thyrotroph
  • Corticotroph
  • Gonadotroph
  • Somatotroph
  • Lactotroph

Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Their Regulated Targets

  • TRH targets thyrotrophs, leading to the release of TSH, which targets the thyroid. TSH is a glycoprotein hormone.
  • CRH targets corticotrophs, leading to the release of ACTH, which targets the adrenal cortex, ACTH is a Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide hormone.
  • GnRH targets gonadotrophs, leading to the release of LH and FSH, which target the gonads. LH and FSH are glycoprotein hormones.
  • Somatostatin targets somatotrophs to negatively regulate GH, and GHRH targets somatotrophs to positively regulate GH. GH is a peptide hormone in a family with Prolactin (Prl) that has many organs including the skeleton, liver, and skeletal muscle.
  • Dopamine targets lactotrophs to negatively regulate Prolactin (Prl), which targets the breast. Which is a peptide hormone in a family with Growth Hormone (GH)
  • GH is also known as Somatotropin
  • LH is also known as Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
  • SS is also known as GH-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH), GH-Release-Inhibiting Hormone (GRIH), and Somatotropin-Release Inhibitory Factor (SRIF).

Anterior Pituitary Hormone Families

  • Glycoproteins: TSH, FSH, LH
    • Share a common α-subunit.
    • Have a unique β-subunit that confers biological specificity.
  • Growth hormone & Prolactin
    • Structural & genetic ~ Human placental lactogen
  • Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
    • Undergoes post-translational cleavage.
    • Produces ACTH, β-endorphin, α-, β- and γ- melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH).

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