29 Questions
What is the most common manifestation of reversible cell injury?
Cellular swelling
Which of the following is the most common cause of cell injury according to the text?
Hypoxia
What is the main consequence of mitochondrial damage in relation to energy loss?
Reduced supply of O2
Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of cell injury in the text?
Hyperglycemia
What is the primary mechanism of ATP depletion in cell injury due to hypoxia?
Damaged mitochondria
When does a cell lose function according to the text?
Before morphological manifestations
What is the process characterized by an increase in cell number?
Hyperplasia
Which process involves a decrease in organ size by reducing the number of cells?
Atrophy
Which process is characterized by a change in cell type due to stress on organs?
Metaplasia
What involves disordered cellular growth and proliferation of precancerous cells?
Dysplasia
What is the term for failure of cell production during embryogenesis?
Aplasia
What is the characteristic appearance of tissues affected by coagulative necrosis?
Firm texture with preserved architecture
Which type of necrosis involves the digestion of dead cells, leading to the formation of a liquid viscous mass?
Liquefactive necrosis
What is the term used for a localized area of coagulative necrosis?
Infarct
Which organ is an example given for caseous necrosis occurring mainly in the center of a tuberculous granuloma?
Kidney
What is the color of pus, a characteristic feature of liquefactive necrosis?
Yellow
What causes gangrene according to the text?
Bacterial infections, arterial obstruction, and infection
What is one of the hallmarks of irreversible cell injury?
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Which organelle is an important target of all types of cell injury?
Mitochondria
What is the initial phase of cell injury that eventually leads to irreversibility?
Increase in cytosolic calcium and inorganic phosphate
Which pattern is recognized under light microscopy as the first manifestation of almost all forms of cell injury?
Cellular swelling
What term is used to describe the appearance of cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles in cells dependent on fat metabolism?
Fatty change
In irreversible injury, what leads to the loss of structure and functions of the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes?
Inability to restore mitochondrial function
What is the main cause of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis in adipose tissue?
Trauma to the pancreas
Which type of gangrene involves necrosis complicated by secondary bacterial infection?
Wet gangrene
What is the key difference between Dry Gangrene and Wet Gangrene?
Presence of edema
Which condition is characterized by necrosis with superadded putrefaction?
Gangrene
What causes the blackening of tissue in Wet Gangrene?
Formation of iron sulfide
Which type of Fat Necrosis is most commonly seen in acute pancreatitis?
Enzymatic Fat Necrosis
Study Notes
Cell Injury
- Cellular swelling is the most common manifestation of cell injury
- Reversible injury occurs when cells are able to adapt to a new environment, while irreversible injury leads to cell death
- Cells actively control their internal environment and maintain homeostasis within a narrow range of physiological parameters
Causes of Cell Injury
- Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia)
- Physical agents
- Chemical agents/drugs
- Infectious agents
- Immunological reactions
- Genetic derangement
- Nutritional imbalances
- Cellular senescence
- Idiopathic diseases
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- Loss of energy due to hypoxic and chemical injuries
- Mitochondrial damage leading to ATP depletion
- Consequences of mitochondrial damage include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia
Cellular Responses to Injury
- Hypertrophy: an increase in cell size, e.g., myometrial hypertrophy in gravid uterus
- Hyperplasia: an increase in cell number, e.g., pubertal breast changes
- Atrophy: a decrease in cell size or number, e.g., embryonic atrophy of notochord and thyroglossal duct
- Metaplasia: a change in cell type, e.g., esophagus (squamous to columnar)
Types of Cell Death
- Coagulative necrosis: most common type, characterized by protein denaturation and preservation of cell outline
- Liquefactive necrosis: involves digestion of dead cells, e.g., brain infarct
- Caseous necrosis: a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, e.g., tuberculous granuloma
Irreversible Cell Injury
- Mitochondrial dysfunction leading to loss of ATP generation
- Loss of plasma membrane and intracellular membrane structure and function
- Loss of DNA and chromatin structural integrity
Fatty Change and Fat Necrosis
- Fatty change: seen in cells dependent on fat metabolism, characterized by cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles
- Fat necrosis: occurs in two forms, enzymatic fat necrosis and traumatic fat necrosis
Gangrene
- Dry gangrene: secondary to slow occlusive vascular disease, characterized by gradual loss of arterial supply
- Wet gangrene: results from severe bacterial infection superimposed on necrosis, characterized by edema and foul smell
This quiz covers the concepts of hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and atrophy in different physiological and pathological contexts. It includes examples such as myometrial hypertrophy in gravid uterus, endometrial hyperplasia, and mechanisms like gene activation, protein synthesis, and cell apoptosis.
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