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What is the most common manifestation of reversible cell injury?
What is the most common manifestation of reversible cell injury?
Which of the following is the most common cause of cell injury according to the text?
Which of the following is the most common cause of cell injury according to the text?
What is the main consequence of mitochondrial damage in relation to energy loss?
What is the main consequence of mitochondrial damage in relation to energy loss?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of cell injury in the text?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of cell injury in the text?
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What is the primary mechanism of ATP depletion in cell injury due to hypoxia?
What is the primary mechanism of ATP depletion in cell injury due to hypoxia?
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When does a cell lose function according to the text?
When does a cell lose function according to the text?
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What is the process characterized by an increase in cell number?
What is the process characterized by an increase in cell number?
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Which process involves a decrease in organ size by reducing the number of cells?
Which process involves a decrease in organ size by reducing the number of cells?
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Which process is characterized by a change in cell type due to stress on organs?
Which process is characterized by a change in cell type due to stress on organs?
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What involves disordered cellular growth and proliferation of precancerous cells?
What involves disordered cellular growth and proliferation of precancerous cells?
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What is the term for failure of cell production during embryogenesis?
What is the term for failure of cell production during embryogenesis?
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What is the characteristic appearance of tissues affected by coagulative necrosis?
What is the characteristic appearance of tissues affected by coagulative necrosis?
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Which type of necrosis involves the digestion of dead cells, leading to the formation of a liquid viscous mass?
Which type of necrosis involves the digestion of dead cells, leading to the formation of a liquid viscous mass?
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What is the term used for a localized area of coagulative necrosis?
What is the term used for a localized area of coagulative necrosis?
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Which organ is an example given for caseous necrosis occurring mainly in the center of a tuberculous granuloma?
Which organ is an example given for caseous necrosis occurring mainly in the center of a tuberculous granuloma?
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What is the color of pus, a characteristic feature of liquefactive necrosis?
What is the color of pus, a characteristic feature of liquefactive necrosis?
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What causes gangrene according to the text?
What causes gangrene according to the text?
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What is one of the hallmarks of irreversible cell injury?
What is one of the hallmarks of irreversible cell injury?
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Which organelle is an important target of all types of cell injury?
Which organelle is an important target of all types of cell injury?
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What is the initial phase of cell injury that eventually leads to irreversibility?
What is the initial phase of cell injury that eventually leads to irreversibility?
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Which pattern is recognized under light microscopy as the first manifestation of almost all forms of cell injury?
Which pattern is recognized under light microscopy as the first manifestation of almost all forms of cell injury?
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What term is used to describe the appearance of cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles in cells dependent on fat metabolism?
What term is used to describe the appearance of cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles in cells dependent on fat metabolism?
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In irreversible injury, what leads to the loss of structure and functions of the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes?
In irreversible injury, what leads to the loss of structure and functions of the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes?
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What is the main cause of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis in adipose tissue?
What is the main cause of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis in adipose tissue?
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Which type of gangrene involves necrosis complicated by secondary bacterial infection?
Which type of gangrene involves necrosis complicated by secondary bacterial infection?
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What is the key difference between Dry Gangrene and Wet Gangrene?
What is the key difference between Dry Gangrene and Wet Gangrene?
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Which condition is characterized by necrosis with superadded putrefaction?
Which condition is characterized by necrosis with superadded putrefaction?
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What causes the blackening of tissue in Wet Gangrene?
What causes the blackening of tissue in Wet Gangrene?
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Which type of Fat Necrosis is most commonly seen in acute pancreatitis?
Which type of Fat Necrosis is most commonly seen in acute pancreatitis?
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Study Notes
Cell Injury
- Cellular swelling is the most common manifestation of cell injury
- Reversible injury occurs when cells are able to adapt to a new environment, while irreversible injury leads to cell death
- Cells actively control their internal environment and maintain homeostasis within a narrow range of physiological parameters
Causes of Cell Injury
- Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia)
- Physical agents
- Chemical agents/drugs
- Infectious agents
- Immunological reactions
- Genetic derangement
- Nutritional imbalances
- Cellular senescence
- Idiopathic diseases
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- Loss of energy due to hypoxic and chemical injuries
- Mitochondrial damage leading to ATP depletion
- Consequences of mitochondrial damage include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia
Cellular Responses to Injury
- Hypertrophy: an increase in cell size, e.g., myometrial hypertrophy in gravid uterus
- Hyperplasia: an increase in cell number, e.g., pubertal breast changes
- Atrophy: a decrease in cell size or number, e.g., embryonic atrophy of notochord and thyroglossal duct
- Metaplasia: a change in cell type, e.g., esophagus (squamous to columnar)
Types of Cell Death
- Coagulative necrosis: most common type, characterized by protein denaturation and preservation of cell outline
- Liquefactive necrosis: involves digestion of dead cells, e.g., brain infarct
- Caseous necrosis: a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, e.g., tuberculous granuloma
Irreversible Cell Injury
- Mitochondrial dysfunction leading to loss of ATP generation
- Loss of plasma membrane and intracellular membrane structure and function
- Loss of DNA and chromatin structural integrity
Fatty Change and Fat Necrosis
- Fatty change: seen in cells dependent on fat metabolism, characterized by cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles
- Fat necrosis: occurs in two forms, enzymatic fat necrosis and traumatic fat necrosis
Gangrene
- Dry gangrene: secondary to slow occlusive vascular disease, characterized by gradual loss of arterial supply
- Wet gangrene: results from severe bacterial infection superimposed on necrosis, characterized by edema and foul smell
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and atrophy in different physiological and pathological contexts. It includes examples such as myometrial hypertrophy in gravid uterus, endometrial hyperplasia, and mechanisms like gene activation, protein synthesis, and cell apoptosis.
