Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is considered a non-modifiable risk factor for hypertension?
Which of the following is considered a non-modifiable risk factor for hypertension?
- High sodium intake
- Family history of hypertension (correct)
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Sedentary lifestyle
Which modifiable risk factor contributes to hypertension?
Which modifiable risk factor contributes to hypertension?
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Low potassium intake (correct)
- Age
Which physiological mechanism is associated with increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in hypertension?
Which physiological mechanism is associated with increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in hypertension?
- Decreased sodium retention
- Decreased heart rate
- Vasodilation
- Increased peripheral resistance (correct)
What is the primary effect of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) activation on blood pressure?
What is the primary effect of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) activation on blood pressure?
How does endothelial dysfunction contribute to hypertension?
How does endothelial dysfunction contribute to hypertension?
What is the effect of insulin resistance on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and sodium retention?
What is the effect of insulin resistance on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and sodium retention?
Which of the following is a characteristic of primary hypertension?
Which of the following is a characteristic of primary hypertension?
What percentage of hypertension cases are attributed to primary hypertension?
What percentage of hypertension cases are attributed to primary hypertension?
Secondary hypertension is often related to:
Secondary hypertension is often related to:
Which of the following conditions can lead to secondary hypertension?
Which of the following conditions can lead to secondary hypertension?
Which of the following statements best differentiates primary from secondary hypertension?
Which of the following statements best differentiates primary from secondary hypertension?
Which of the following is a common treatment approach for primary hypertension?
Which of the following is a common treatment approach for primary hypertension?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the reversibility of hypertension?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the reversibility of hypertension?
How does inflammation contribute to the development of hypertension?
How does inflammation contribute to the development of hypertension?
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the pathogenesis of hypertension related to increased blood volume and cardiac output?
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the pathogenesis of hypertension related to increased blood volume and cardiac output?
A 48-year-old man with a family history of hypertension is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He also has glucose intolerance and a sedentary lifestyle. Which of the following interventions would address BOTH modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors?
A 48-year-old man with a family history of hypertension is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He also has glucose intolerance and a sedentary lifestyle. Which of the following interventions would address BOTH modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors?
A patient presents with hypertension, elevated plasma metanephrines, and episodic headaches, sweating, and palpitations. Given these clinical findings, the MOST likely cause of this patient's hypertension is:
A patient presents with hypertension, elevated plasma metanephrines, and episodic headaches, sweating, and palpitations. Given these clinical findings, the MOST likely cause of this patient's hypertension is:
A researcher is investigating the effects of a novel drug on hypertension. The study reveals that the drug significantly reduces blood pressure by selectively blocking the action of angiotensin II on its receptors and promoting nitric oxide. Which mechanisms are directly targeted by this drug?
A researcher is investigating the effects of a novel drug on hypertension. The study reveals that the drug significantly reduces blood pressure by selectively blocking the action of angiotensin II on its receptors and promoting nitric oxide. Which mechanisms are directly targeted by this drug?
A rare genetic mutation causes complete inability of the kidneys to produce renin. Assume all other regulatory mechanisms are functioning normally. What is the MOST LIKELY effect of this mutation on an individual's long-term blood pressure?
A rare genetic mutation causes complete inability of the kidneys to produce renin. Assume all other regulatory mechanisms are functioning normally. What is the MOST LIKELY effect of this mutation on an individual's long-term blood pressure?
A scientist discovers a new hormone called Cardiogenin, produced only in cardiac myocytes. Cardiogenin's only known action is to completely block the effects of aldosterone on the kidney. Which of the following would be the MOST LIKELY effect of sustained, high levels of Cardiogenin in the body?
A scientist discovers a new hormone called Cardiogenin, produced only in cardiac myocytes. Cardiogenin's only known action is to completely block the effects of aldosterone on the kidney. Which of the following would be the MOST LIKELY effect of sustained, high levels of Cardiogenin in the body?
Flashcards
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
Risk factors that cannot be changed, such as age and family history.
Modifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
Risk factors that can be modified through lifestyle changes or medical intervention.
Pathogenesis of Hypertension
Pathogenesis of Hypertension
Complex interactions among genetics, environment, and neurohumoral regulation.
Increased SNS Activity
Increased SNS Activity
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RAAS Activation
RAAS Activation
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Inflammation in Hypertension
Inflammation in Hypertension
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Primary Hypertension
Primary Hypertension
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Secondary Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
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Study Notes
- Learning Objective 1: Identify Risk Factors for Hypertension
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
- Age increases the risk of hypertension.
- Family history is also a non-modifiable risk factor.
- Gender: Men are more commonly affected when younger than 55 years old, and women are more commonly affected when over 70 years old.
Modifiable Risk Factors
- High sodium intake is a modifiable risk factor
- Low potassium, calcium, or magnesium intake is a modifiable risk factor
- Obesity / increased waist circumference are modifiable risk factors.
- Sedentary lifestyle is a modifiable risk factor
- Smoking is a modifiable risk factor
- Excessive alcohol consumption is a modifiable risk factor
- Glucose intolerance / diabetes is a modifiable risk factor.
- Stress is a modifiable risk factor
- Dyslipidemia is a modifiable risk factor
- Poor diet is a modifiable risk factor
Pathogenesis Overview
- Hypertension results from complex interactions among genetics, environment, and neurohumoral regulation.
Key Mechanisms
- Increased Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Activity increases heart rate and peripheral resistance
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Activation causes vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention.
- Endothelial Dysfunction reduces nitric oxide and impairs vasodilation.
- Insulin Resistance increases SNS activity and sodium retention.
- Inflammation can cause vascular remodeling and stiffening.
- Increased Blood Volume or Cardiac Output from chronic high preload/afterload sustains increased blood pressure.
Primary Hypertension
- Primary hypertension is defined as chronic elevation of blood pressure with no specific identifiable cause.
- Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of hypertension cases
- Primary hypertension has mulitfactorial causes including genetic, environmental and neurohumoral influences
- The pathophysiology of primary hypertension involves increased SNS, RAAS activation, endothelial dysfunction, and volume overload.
- The treatment for primary hypertension is lifestyle changes and antihypertensive medications
- Primary hypertension is not reversible but is manageable.
Secondary Hypertension
- Secondary hypertension is defined as elevated BP due to an identifiable underlying condition.
- Secondary hypertension accounts for 5-10% of hypertension cases. Specific diseases such as renal failure, endocrine tumors, and vascular disease are causes of secondary hypertension.
- Secondary hypertension is a direct effect of the underlying disease on vascular resistance/CO.
- Examples of secondary hypertension include renal artery stenosis, pheochromocytoma, and hyperaldosteronism.
- The treatment for secondary hypertension is to treat the underlying condition and control blood pressure.
- Secondary hypertension is often reversible if the cause is corrected early.
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