28 Questions
What is the recommended management for hypertensive urgency?
Immediate administration of fast-acting antihypertensives
What is the recommended approach for resistant hypertension?
Combination therapy with multiple antihypertensive medications
What is the potential consequence of hypertensive emergencies?
Damage to target organs
What is the recommended medication adjustment when giving ACE inhibitors to individuals with renal dysfunction?
Add loop diuretics
What is the target range for decreasing SBP in the first hour of a hypertensive emergency?
By no more than 25
What is the recommended approach for white coat hypertension in healthcare settings?
Monitor blood pressure over time
What is the potential consequence of COVID-19 in relation to ACE inhibitors/ARBs?
Potential association with COVID-19
What medication class is recommended for hypertensive urgency in the absence of target organ damage?
CCB
Which is a potential endocrine cause of hypertension?
Cushing's syndrome
What physiologic change can lead to hypertension?
Increased sympathetic nervous system activity
What is a recommended blood pressure target for older adults with hypertension?
Below 130/80
What is a lifestyle modification recommended for hypertension?
Gradual weight loss
Which medication is considered a first-line treatment for hypertension?
Thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics
What is a risk factor for hypertension?
Advancing age
What is a major cause of hypertension in older adults?
Changes in elasticity
What is a specific consideration for hypertension management in African Americans?
Genetic predisposition to salt retention
What diagnostic test is recommended for assessing hypertension?
Electrolyte levels
What is a major cause of hypertension, with obesity as a contributing factor?
Sleep apnea
What is the blood pressure range for Stage 1 hypertension?
130-139/80-89
What percentage of hypertension cases is classified as Primary Hypertension?
90-95%
What is the blood pressure range for Hypertensive crisis?
180/120 or higher
What is the cause of Secondary Hypertension?
Identifiable underlying disease or condition
What pathophysiological process does hypertension contribute to?
Atherosclerotic disease
What is the blood pressure range for Elevated blood pressure?
120-129/<80
What could cause changes in the body system leading to hypertension?
Genetic makeup
What is the percentage of cases that Secondary Hypertension accounts for?
5-10%
What is the impact of hypertension on the endothelium?
Causes inflammation
What percentage of cases is classified as Unknown cause (Primary Hypertension)?
90-95%
Study Notes
Hypertension: Causes, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management
- Endocrine causes of hypertension include Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, hyperthyroidism, and pheochromocytoma
- Inflammatory substances like sugar can lead to changes in blood vessels and increased blood pressure
- Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone lead to sodium and water retention, increasing blood pressure
- Early physiologic changes that can lead to hypertension include increased sympathetic nervous system activity and resistance in insulin action
- Management of hypertension in older adults involves keeping blood pressure below 130/80, especially for those with stroke, TIA, multiple comorbidities, and limited life expectancy
- Risk factors for hypertension include advancing age, race (African American), chronic kidney disease, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption, family history, gender, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, poor diet habits, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, stress, and sleep apnea
- Diagnostic results for hypertension include accurate blood pressure readings at different times, health assessment, eye examination for retinopathy, urine tests for kidney function, electrolyte levels, heart function tests, and EKG
- Lifestyle modifications for hypertension include gradual weight loss, exercise, DASH diet, limiting sodium intake, and increasing potassium intake
- Medication therapy for hypertension includes thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs as first-line medications
- African Americans have specific considerations for hypertension management due to their genetic predisposition to salt retention
- Sleep apnea is a major cause of hypertension, with obesity as one of the main contributing factors
- Hypertension in older adults is often associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure due to changes in elasticity, accumulation of plaque, volume expansion, and changes in cardiac contraction
Test your knowledge of hypertension with this quiz covering causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and management. Explore endocrine causes, inflammatory substances, early physiologic changes, risk factors, diagnostic results, lifestyle modifications, medication therapy, and specific considerations for different populations.
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