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Questions and Answers
What is hypertension characterized by?
What is hypertension characterized by?
What percentage of hypertension cases are classified as primary hypertension?
What percentage of hypertension cases are classified as primary hypertension?
What is the primary cause of secondary hypertension?
What is the primary cause of secondary hypertension?
What is not a classification of hypertension?
What is not a classification of hypertension?
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What is normal blood pressure classified as?
What is normal blood pressure classified as?
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What is the recommended frequency of visits for patients with uncontrolled blood pressure?
What is the recommended frequency of visits for patients with uncontrolled blood pressure?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of resistant hypertension?
Which of the following is a characteristic of resistant hypertension?
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What is the goal of pharmacological therapy in blood pressure management?
What is the goal of pharmacological therapy in blood pressure management?
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Which of the following is a stress management technique recommended for patients with hypertension?
Which of the following is a stress management technique recommended for patients with hypertension?
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What is the recommended daily intake of potassium for patients with hypertension?
What is the recommended daily intake of potassium for patients with hypertension?
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What is the recommended duration of regular aerobic exercise for patients with hypertension?
What is the recommended duration of regular aerobic exercise for patients with hypertension?
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Study Notes
Definition and Classification
- Hypertension: a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure (BP)
- Classified into two categories:
- Primary (essential) hypertension: no identifiable cause (90-95% of cases)
- Secondary hypertension: underlying medical condition or medication causes high BP (5-10% of cases)
Blood Pressure Classification
- Normal BP: <120/80 mmHg
- Elevated BP: 120-129/80 mmHg
- Stage 1 hypertension: 130-139/80-89 mmHg
- Stage 2 hypertension: ≥140/90 mmHg
Risk Factors
- Age: risk increases with age
- Family history: genetic component
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Smoking
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- High salt intake
- Low potassium intake
- Stress
Complications
- Cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke, heart failure)
- Kidney disease
- Vision loss
- Cognitive decline
- Peripheral artery disease
Diagnosis
- Measurement of BP using a sphygmomanometer
- Average of two or more readings on two or more occasions
- 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (optional)
Treatment
- Lifestyle modifications:
- Weight loss
- Regular exercise
- DASH diet
- Reduced sodium intake
- Stress management
- Pharmacological therapy:
- Diuretics
- Beta blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Calcium channel blockers
- ARBs
Monitoring and Control
- Regular BP monitoring
- Target BP: <130/80 mmHg
- Lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapy adjusted as needed
Definition and Classification
- Hypertension is a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure (BP).
- Classified into two categories:
- Primary (essential) hypertension: no identifiable cause, accounts for 90-95% of cases.
- Secondary hypertension: underlying medical condition or medication causes high BP, accounts for 5-10% of cases.
Blood Pressure Classification
- Normal BP: (no specific value mentioned)
- Note: Further classification of BP levels (e.g., elevated, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension) is not provided in this text.
Blood Pressure Management
- Hypertension is defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg
- The goal of blood pressure management is to reduce cardiovascular disease risk
Lifestyle Modifications
- Reduce sodium intake to less than 2.3 grams per day
- Increase potassium intake to 4.7 grams per day
- Follow the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet
- Engage in regular aerobic exercise for at least 150 minutes per week
- Maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI)
- Engage in stress-reducing activities, such as yoga or meditation
Pharmacological Therapy
- Initial therapy options include thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs
- Combination therapy involves using two or more medications from different classes
- Stepped care involves increasing dosage or adding medications as needed to achieve goal blood pressure
Monitoring and Follow-up
- Follow-up appointments should occur every 1-2 months until blood pressure is controlled, then every 3-6 months
- Patients should be encouraged to monitor and record their blood pressure regularly at home
- Patient education should include information on lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and blood pressure monitoring
Special Considerations
- Resistant hypertension occurs when blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite three or more medications
- Secondary hypertension is caused by underlying medical conditions, such as kidney disease or sleep apnea
- Hypertension management approaches should be individualized for special populations, including pregnant women, pediatrics, and geriatrics
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Description
Learn about the definition and classification of hypertension, including primary and secondary hypertension, and understand the different stages of blood pressure classification.
