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Questions and Answers
What is hypertension characterized by?
What percentage of hypertension cases are classified as primary hypertension?
What is the primary cause of secondary hypertension?
What is not a classification of hypertension?
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What is normal blood pressure classified as?
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What is the recommended frequency of visits for patients with uncontrolled blood pressure?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of resistant hypertension?
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What is the goal of pharmacological therapy in blood pressure management?
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Which of the following is a stress management technique recommended for patients with hypertension?
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What is the recommended daily intake of potassium for patients with hypertension?
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What is the recommended duration of regular aerobic exercise for patients with hypertension?
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Study Notes
Definition and Classification
- Hypertension: a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure (BP)
- Classified into two categories:
- Primary (essential) hypertension: no identifiable cause (90-95% of cases)
- Secondary hypertension: underlying medical condition or medication causes high BP (5-10% of cases)
Blood Pressure Classification
- Normal BP: <120/80 mmHg
- Elevated BP: 120-129/80 mmHg
- Stage 1 hypertension: 130-139/80-89 mmHg
- Stage 2 hypertension: ≥140/90 mmHg
Risk Factors
- Age: risk increases with age
- Family history: genetic component
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Smoking
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- High salt intake
- Low potassium intake
- Stress
Complications
- Cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke, heart failure)
- Kidney disease
- Vision loss
- Cognitive decline
- Peripheral artery disease
Diagnosis
- Measurement of BP using a sphygmomanometer
- Average of two or more readings on two or more occasions
- 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (optional)
Treatment
- Lifestyle modifications:
- Weight loss
- Regular exercise
- DASH diet
- Reduced sodium intake
- Stress management
- Pharmacological therapy:
- Diuretics
- Beta blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Calcium channel blockers
- ARBs
Monitoring and Control
- Regular BP monitoring
- Target BP: <130/80 mmHg
- Lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapy adjusted as needed
Definition and Classification
- Hypertension is a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure (BP).
- Classified into two categories:
- Primary (essential) hypertension: no identifiable cause, accounts for 90-95% of cases.
- Secondary hypertension: underlying medical condition or medication causes high BP, accounts for 5-10% of cases.
Blood Pressure Classification
- Normal BP: (no specific value mentioned)
- Note: Further classification of BP levels (e.g., elevated, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension) is not provided in this text.
Blood Pressure Management
- Hypertension is defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg
- The goal of blood pressure management is to reduce cardiovascular disease risk
Lifestyle Modifications
- Reduce sodium intake to less than 2.3 grams per day
- Increase potassium intake to 4.7 grams per day
- Follow the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet
- Engage in regular aerobic exercise for at least 150 minutes per week
- Maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI)
- Engage in stress-reducing activities, such as yoga or meditation
Pharmacological Therapy
- Initial therapy options include thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs
- Combination therapy involves using two or more medications from different classes
- Stepped care involves increasing dosage or adding medications as needed to achieve goal blood pressure
Monitoring and Follow-up
- Follow-up appointments should occur every 1-2 months until blood pressure is controlled, then every 3-6 months
- Patients should be encouraged to monitor and record their blood pressure regularly at home
- Patient education should include information on lifestyle modifications, medication adherence, and blood pressure monitoring
Special Considerations
- Resistant hypertension occurs when blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite three or more medications
- Secondary hypertension is caused by underlying medical conditions, such as kidney disease or sleep apnea
- Hypertension management approaches should be individualized for special populations, including pregnant women, pediatrics, and geriatrics
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Description
Learn about the definition and classification of hypertension, including primary and secondary hypertension, and understand the different stages of blood pressure classification.
