Hypertension and Blood Pressure Factors

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What is the primary factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents in individuals with hypertension?

Elevated diastolic pressure (correct)

Hypertensive heart disease

High sodium intake

Increased systolic pressure

What percentage of hypertension cases have an underlying renal or adrenal disease?

90% to 95%

5% (correct)

5% to 10%

1% to 2%

What is the term for hypertension that is characterized by a rapidly rising blood pressure that can lead to death within 1 or 2 years if left untreated?

Secondary hypertension

Accelerated hypertension (correct)

Essential hypertension

Benign hypertension

What is the typical course of hypertension in most individuals?

Asymptomatic until late in its course Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for hypertension that has an unknown etiology?

Essential hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical blood pressure range for benign hypertension?

Diastolic pressure ≤ 110 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic diastolic pressure associated with the clinical syndrome of severe hypertension?

120mmHg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a genetic factor contributing to essential hypertension?

Gene defects affecting enzymes involved in aldosterone metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of hypertension-associated degenerative changes in the walls of large and medium arteries?

Aortic dissection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environmental factors is NOT implicated in modifying the expression of underlying genetic determinants of hypertension?

Physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental defect in dilated cardiomyopathy?

Ineffective contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy?

Dilated cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome caused by mutations affecting proteins that influence sodium reabsorption?

Liddle Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, what is the most pronounced site of myocardial hypertrophy?

Left ventricle and interventricular septum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of small blood vessel disease associated with hypertension?

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the inheritance pattern of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in about 50% of cases?

Autosomal dominant Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of dilated cardiomyopathy in terms of morphology?

Non-specific morphology with interstitial fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the common complication of dilated cardiomyopathy?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common risk factor associated with deep brain parenchymal hemorrhages?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the heart in hypertension in Western countries?

Concentric hypertrophy and coronary artery disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinicopathologic syndrome arising in the setting of malignant hypertension, characterized by diffuse cerebral dysfunction?

Hypertensive encephalopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of effective control of hypertension in terms of hypertrophy and its associated risks?

Prevention or regression of hypertrophy and its associated risks Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the heart in hypertension in Africa?

Eccentric hypertrophy with congestive heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of deaths among individuals with chronic hypertension attributed to hypertension as a risk factor?

15% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of myocardial injury in myocarditis?

The inflammatory process Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT a common cause of myocarditis?

Herpes simplex Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical appearance of the myocardium in cases of myocarditis caused by bacteria?

Containing frank abscesses Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells dominate the inflammatory infiltrate in acute viral myocarditis?

Lymphocytes and other mononuclear cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical histologic appearance of the myocardium in patients with bacterial myocarditis?

Containing a neutrophilic infiltrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the common outcome of myocyte degeneration and/or necrosis in myocarditis?

Myocardial injury Signup and view all the answers