Hypersensitivity Reactions Quiz 19.1 part 1

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

• Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

• Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

• Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

• The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

• ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

• Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

• A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

• A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

• Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

• Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

• Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

• Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

• Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

• Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

• Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

• An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

• Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

• Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

• Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

• Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

• Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

• The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

• ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

• Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

• A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

• A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

• Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

• Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

• Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

• Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

• Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

• Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

• Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

• An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

• Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

• Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

• Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

• Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

• Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

• The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

• ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

• Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

• A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

• A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

• Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

• Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

• Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

• Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

• Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

• Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

• Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

• An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

• Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

• Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

• Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

• Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

• Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

• The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

• ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

• Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

• A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

• A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

• Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

• Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

• Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

• Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

• Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

• Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

• Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

• An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

• Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

• Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

• Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

• Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

• Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

• The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

• ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

• Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

• A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

• A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

• Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

• Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

• Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

• Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

• Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

• Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

• Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

• An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

• Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

• Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

• Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

• Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

• Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

• The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

• ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

• Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

• A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

• A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

• Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

• Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

• Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

• Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

• Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

• Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

• Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

• Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

• Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

• Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

• An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

• Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

• Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.