Hypersensitivity Reactions Quiz 19.1 part 1
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Questions and Answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells?

  • Type I (correct)
  • Type IV
  • Type III
  • Type II

    • What are some examples of allergens that can trigger hypersensitivity reactions?

  • Animal dander, molds, and pollen
  • Both A and C (correct)
  • Insect venom and therapeutic drugs
  • None of the above

    • What type of hypersensitivity reactions can be autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules?

  • Type I
  • Type IV
  • Type III
  • Type II (correct)

    • What are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs?

    <p>Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ABO blood group system based on?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B”</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isohemagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person with type A blood receives a transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type?

    <p>They may experience a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Rh factors based on?

    <p>The presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the ABO blood group system?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most complex and immunogenic blood group system?

    <p>Rh factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) caused by?

    <p>Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isoheamagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>T-cell-mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>T-cell mediated reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for identifying four distinct blood types?

    <p>Presence or absence of surface carbohydrates A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>HTR is caused by ABO blood type incompatibility, while HDN is caused by Rh factor incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isoantibodies?

    <p>Antibodies produced in response to an individual's own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of human Rho(D) immune globulin injections?

    <p>To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of serum sickness?

    <p>Involves the interactions of IgG and IgM antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs?

    <p>Hemolytic transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Rh factors based on?

    <p>Presence or absence of surface carbohydrates D and E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hemovigilance systems?

    <p>To minimize the risk of hemolytic transfusion reactions due to clerical errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between type I and type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Type I causes immediate allergic reactions, while type III causes localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is responsible for hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Adaptive immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibody is involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of substances that can trigger Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Animal dander and pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibody is involved in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ABO blood group system based on?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are ABO blood types inherited?

    <p>As codominant alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isohemagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction can occur from a transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the interactions of IgG, IgM, and occasionally IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is T-cell-mediated?

    <p>Type IV hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Incompatible Rh factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell mediated?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Incompatible Rh factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most hazardous substances that can trigger type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Insect venom or therapeutic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isoantibodies?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the Rh blood group system?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE antibodies and mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the patterns of inheritance for ABO blood types?

    <p>Codominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serum sickness?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by immune complexes depositing in various body sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the IgE antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of allergens that can trigger hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Animal dander, molds, or pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens?

    <p>Type III hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the ABO blood group system?

    <p>Presence or absence of surface carbohydrates 'A' and 'B'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR)?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hypersensitivity reactions based on?

    <p>Their immune mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isoheamagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) caused by?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Rh factors based on?

    <p>Presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serum sickness?

    <p>A systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a seemingly harmless substance that can trigger type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Animal dander</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for identifying four distinct blood types?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B”</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs?

    <p>Mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of human Rho(D) immune globulin injections in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>To prevent the mother's immune system from producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isoagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hypersensitivity reactions based on?

    <p>Their immune mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most complex and immunogenic blood group system?

    <p>Rh factor blood group system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of serum sickness?

    <p>Involves the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between type II and type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Type II reactions can be autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules, while type III reactions involve soluble antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response causes hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Adaptive immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibody is involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs?

    <p>Hemolytic transfusion reaction and Hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ABO blood group system based on?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell mediated?

    <p>Type IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Incompatible Rh factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isohemagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hypersensitivity reactions based on their immune mechanism?

    <p>Four types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of allergens that can trigger hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Insect venom and therapeutic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the ABO blood group system?

    <p>Presence or absence of surface carbohydrates A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) caused by?

    <p>Incompatible Rh factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isohemagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person with type A blood receives a transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type?

    <p>A strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most complex and immunogenic blood group system?

    <p>Rh factor system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs)?

    <p>Transfusing incompatible blood types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hemovigilance systems used for?

    <p>To minimize the risk of hemolytic transfusion reactions due to clerical errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the IgE antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a seemingly harmless substance that can trigger type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction involving RBCs?

    <p>Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ABO blood group system based on?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B”</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isohemagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person with type A blood receives a transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus?

    <p>A type II hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are human Rho(D) immune globulin injections used for?

    <p>To prevent Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serum sickness?

    <p>A systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of allergens that can trigger hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Insect venom and therapeutic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs?

    <p>Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ABO blood group system based on?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B”</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isohemagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person with type A blood receives a transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type?

    <p>They may experience a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most complex and immunogenic blood group system?

    <p>Rh factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serum sickness?

    <p>A systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune mechanism classifies hypersensitivity reactions into four types?

    <p>Adaptive immune defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibody triggers mast cell degranulation in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are allergens that can trigger Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibodies mediate Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG and IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs?

    <p>Hemolytic transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ABO blood group system based on?

    <p>Presence or absence of surface carbohydrates A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are ABO blood types inherited?

    <p>As alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isohemagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person with type A blood receives a transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type?

    <p>Hemolytic transfusion reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes?

    <p>Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of human Rho(D) immune globulin injections?

    <p>To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>T-cell mediated reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between autoimmune and naturally occurring type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Autoimmune reactions involve self-antigens, while naturally occurring reactions involve naturally occurring antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between type II and type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Type II reactions involve antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens, while type III reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>HTR is caused by transfusing incompatible blood types, while HDN is caused by Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of isohemagglutinins?

    <p>To produce anti-B antibodies in individuals with type A blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the Rh blood group system?

    <p>The presence or absence of Rh antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of human Rho(D) immune globulin injections?

    <p>To prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of allergens that can trigger type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Insect venom and therapeutic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type II hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serum sickness?

    <p>A systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between type I and type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Type I reactions involve immediate allergic reactions, while type IV reactions are delayed hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>T-cell-mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of serum sickness?

    <p>Immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the Rh blood group system?

    <p>The presence or absence of the Rh/D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of seemingly harmless allergens that can trigger hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Animal dander, molds, or pollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ABO blood group system used for?

    <p>Identifying four distinct blood types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Incompatible Rh factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Mediated by IgE antibodies and mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of isohemagglutinins?

    <p>Cross-reacting with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR)?

    <p>Mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of human Rho(D) immune globulin injections?

    <p>Preventing HDN caused by Rh incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies are involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG and IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for identifying the four distinct blood types in the ABO blood group system?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inheritance pattern of ABO blood types?

    <p>Codominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isoheamagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Involves the interactions of IgG, IgM, and occasionally IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most complex and immunogenic blood group system?

    <p>Rh blood group system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hypersensitivity reactions based on their immune mechanism?

    <p>Four types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Mediated by T-cell reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Incompatible Rh factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is serum sickness?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of human Rho(D) immune globulin injections?

    <p>To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Rh incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies are involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG and IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ABO blood group system based on?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B”</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isohemagglutinins?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Incompatible Rh factor between mother and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Arthus reaction?

    <p>A type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Rh factors based on?

    <p>The presence or absence of Rho/D antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the ABO blood group system?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B”</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Mediated by immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most complex and immunogenic blood group system?

    <p>Rh factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR)?

    <p>Transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune system effectors mediate tissue damage in type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are isoheamagglutinins and when are they produced?

    <p>IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for identifying the four distinct blood types in the ABO blood group system?

    <p>The presence or absence of surface carbohydrates A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hypersensitivity reactions based on?

    <p>Their immune mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE antibodies against soluble antigen triggering mast cell degranulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of substances that can trigger type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Insect venom and therapeutic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>T-cell–mediated reactions involving tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the classification of ABO blood types?

    <p>Surface carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of type III hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgG, IgM, and occasionally IgA1 antibodies forming immune complexes with antigen, leading to tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs)?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus?

    <p>Type II hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

    • Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

    • Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

    • Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

    • The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

    • ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

    • Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

    • A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

    • A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

    • Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

    • Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

    • Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

    • Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

    • Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

    • Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

    • Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

    • An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

    • Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

    • Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

    • Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

    • Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

    • Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

    • The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

    • ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

    • Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

    • A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

    • A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

    • Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

    • Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

    • Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

    • Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

    • Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

    • Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

    • Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

    • An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

    • Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

    • Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

    • Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

    • Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

    • Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

    • The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

    • ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

    • Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

    • A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

    • A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

    • Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

    • Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

    • Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

    • Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

    • Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

    • Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

    • Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

    • An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

    • Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

    • Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

    • Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

    • Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

    • Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

    • The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

    • ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

    • Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

    • A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

    • A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

    • Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

    • Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

    • Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

    • Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

    • Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

    • Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

    • Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

    • An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

    • Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

    • Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

    • Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

    • Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

    • Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

    • The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

    • ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

    • Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

    • A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

    • A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

    • Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

    • Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

    • Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

    • Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

    • Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

    • Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

    • Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

    • An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

    • Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

    • Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

    Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Mechanisms, and Examples

    • Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by adaptive immune defenses, both humoral and cellular, and are classified into four types based on their immune mechanism.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody against soluble antigen, triggering mast cell degranulation.

    • Allergens may be seemingly harmless substances such as animal dander, molds, or pollen, or substances considered innately more hazardous, such as insect venom or therapeutic drugs.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cell-surface antigens or matrix-associated antigens on basement membranes, and can be either autoimmune or involve naturally occurring, but exogenous, cell-surface molecules such as antigens associated with blood typing found on red blood cells (RBCs).

    • Hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions involving RBCs.

    • The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of surface carbohydrates “A” and “B,” and it provided the foundation for identifying four distinct blood types.

    • ABO blood types are inherited as alleles and display patterns of dominant and codominant inheritance.

    • Isohemagglutinins are IgM antibodies in plasma that cross-react with blood group antigens not present on an individual’s own RBCs and are produced within the first few weeks after birth and persist throughout life.

    • A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their RBCs and will produce anti-B antibodies to environmental antigens that resemble the carbohydrate component of B antigens.

    • A transfusion with an incompatible ABO blood type may lead to a strong, potentially lethal type II hypersensitivity cytotoxic response called hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR).

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve the interactions of IgG, IgM, and, occasionally, IgA1 antibodies with antigen to form immune complexes, leading to tissue damage mediated by other immune system effectors.

    • Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell–mediated reactions that can involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells.Hypersensitivity Reactions: Types, Causes, and Prevention

    • Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that cause tissue damage and inflammation.

    • Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies and mast cells, causing immediate allergic reactions.

    • Type II hypersensitivity reactions are caused by IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to complement activation and destruction of the cells.

    • Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) are a type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by transfusing incompatible blood types.

    • Hemovigilance systems are used to minimize the risk of HTRs due to clerical errors.

    • Rh factors are the most complex and immunogenic blood group system, with Rh+ or Rh- classification based on the presence or absence of the Rho/D antigen.

    • Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to the mother's immune system producing anti-Rh factor IgG antibodies that cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs.

    • Human Rho(D) immune globulin injections are used to prevent HDN caused by Rh incompatibility.

    • Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve immune complexes formed by the binding of IgG to antigens, leading to localized or systemic inflammation and tissue damage.

    • An Arthus reaction is a type III hypersensitivity reaction characterized by localized subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema at the site of injection.

    • Serum sickness is a systemic type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune complexes depositing in various body sites, leading to symptoms such as fever, rash, and tissue destruction.

    • Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis can involve type III hypersensitivity reactions when autoantibodies form immune complexes with self-antigens.

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    Test your knowledge about hypersensitivity reactions with our quiz! Learn about the four types of immune mechanisms that cause hypersensitivity reactions and their examples, such as allergic reactions, hemolytic transfusion reactions, and hemolytic disease of the newborn. Understand the ABO blood group system and its inheritance patterns, Rh factor incompatibility, and the prevention of HDN. Explore type III hypersensitivity reactions and their associated diseases, such as serum sickness and autoimmune diseases. Challenge yourself with our quiz and become

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