Hyperimmune Immunoglobulins Overview
34 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is indicated regarding the use of immune globulins during pregnancy?

  • They should be administered with live vaccines.
  • Their safety has not been established in controlled clinical trials. (correct)
  • They are entirely safe for use.
  • Their safety has been established in clinical trials.

    • Which of the following is a contraindication for intramuscular injections?

  • Patients with a history of high blood pressure.
  • Patients undergoing routine vaccinations.
  • Patients of any age group.
  • Patients with a history of IgA deficiency. (correct)

    • What should be the maximum temperature for transporting immune globulins?

  • At room temperature (around 20-25 °C)
  • Frozen to -20 °C
  • Below 37 °C (correct)
  • Above 45 °C

    • How long should one wait to administer live vaccines after the administration of immunoglobulins?

    <p>Three months after administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stabilizes Rhesugam IM in addition to glycine?

    <p>Human albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum time frame within which Rabigam® can be used after the first dose of the vaccine?

    <p>7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should Rabigam® be administered in relation to the rabies vaccine?

    <p>At a distant anatomical site from the vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many doses of the rabies vaccine are given, and what is their interval?

    <p>2 doses given 1 month apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should serum samples be obtained to check the titre level after vaccination?

    <p>1 month after the second dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of infiltrating Rabigam® into the wound?

    <p>To ensure faster neutralization of the rabies virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hyperimmune product contains the highest concentration of units per milliliter?

    <p>Rhesugam IM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of plasma for the production of Rhesugam® IM?

    <p>Healthy Rh- donors with antibodies to the Rh antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is specifically indicated for post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies?

    <p>Human Rabies Immunoglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hyperimmune product can be used for prevention of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

    <p>Rhesugam IM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common vial size for the listed hyperimmune products?

    <p>2 ml amp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which donor group is primarily indicated for the production of Hebagam® IM?

    <p>Hepatitis B vaccinated hospital staff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of hyperimmune immunoglobulins?

    <p>To provide passive immunity against specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hyperimmune products is used for the prevention of tetanus?

    <p>Human Tetanus Immunoglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average incubation period for rabies?

    <p>20 - 90 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the length of the incubation period for rabies?

    <p>Time of day when bitten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical step in post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies exposure?

    <p>Local wound care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of rabies immunoglobulin at the site of inoculation?

    <p>To prevent the formation of reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do children have shorter incubation periods for rabies compared to adults?

    <p>Their body surface area is smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors may hinder post-exposure prophylaxis efforts?

    <p>Cost of PEP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the wound in the case of a rabies exposure?

    <p>Clean with running water for at least 5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of rabies exposure, 'Category III' refers to which type of bite?

    <p>Bites that involve multiple deep punctures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dose of human varicella-zoster immunoglobulin for patients aged 15 years and older for prophylaxis?

    <p>6 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patient groups is considered high risk for receiving varicella-zoster immunoglobulin?

    <p>Immunocompromised patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical dose range for treatment of tetanus?

    <p>3000 IU - 6000 IU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a patient weighing 60 kg, what would be the appropriate dose of varicella-zoster immunoglobulin after exposure?

    <blockquote> <p>15 IU/kg body weight</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the contagious period for chickenpox?

    <p>1 day before the rash appears until all blisters have crusted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dosage of varicella-zoster immunoglobulin should a 9-year-old patient receive for treatment after exposure?

    <p>4 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an indication for administering human varicella-zoster immunoglobulin?

    <p>Healthy school-aged children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after exposure should varicella-zoster immunoglobulin be administered?

    <p>Not more than 96 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hyperimmune Immunoglobulins Overview

    • Hyperimmune Immunoglobulins (HIGs) are derived from donors with a high level of immunity to a specific disease.
    • They contain antibodies against specific pathogens.
    • They are used for passive immunization.
    • They can be used to prevent or treat infections.

    List of Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin Products

    • Hebagam® IM (Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin)
    • Rabigam® IM (Rabies Immunoglobulin)
    • Rhesugam® IM (Anti-D Immunoglobulin)
    • Tetagam® IM (Tetanus Immunoglobulin)
    • Vazigam® IM (Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin)

    NBI Manufacturing Overview

    • NBI manufactures a range of hyperimmune immunoglobulins.
    • Raw materials are sourced from healthy donors with high titres of antibodies to specific pathogens
    • Pooled human plasma is used in the manufacturing process.

    Composition

    • Rhesugam® IM (Anti-D Immunoglobulin)
    • Anti-D Immunoglobulin contains antibodies against the Rh D antigen.
    • It is made from pooled human plasma sourced from healthy Rh-negative donors who have antibodies to the Rh D antigen.
    • Hebagam® IM (Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin)
    • Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin contains antibodies against the Hepatitis B antigen.
    • It is derived from donors who receive routine vaccinations with the Hepatitis B vaccine.
    • Rabigam® IM (Rabies Immunoglobulin)
    • Rabies Immunoglobulin contains antibodies against the rabies virus.
    • Donors undergo a rabies vaccination program to produce plasma with high titres of antibodies.

    General Notes

    • Hyperimmune immunoglobulins are given by intramuscular (IM) injection.
    • They contain no antimicrobial preservatives.
    • Stabilized with glycine.
    • Rhesugam IM (Anti-D Immunoglobulin) is stabilized with human albumin and glycine.

    Contraindications

    • Patients should not receive IM injections if they have bleeding disorders.
    • The risk-benefit ratio should be considered if the patient has a history of IgA deficiency or severe anaphylactic reactions to plasma products.
    • It is not known if the safety of hyperimmune immunoglobulins in pregnancy has been established in controlled clinical trials.
    • Live vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) may be inhibited if immunoglobulins are given and should not be administered until three months after the administration of immunoglobulins.

    Storage Instructions

    • Store between 2°C and 8°C.
    • Do not freeze.
    • Protect from light.
    • Transport within 72 hours below 37°C.

    Rabigam® IM (Rabies Immunoglobulin)

    • Given by IM injection.
    • Infiltrated into wound and remainder is administered intramuscularly at an anatomical site distant from the location of rabies vaccine administration.
    • Administered with rabies vaccine.
    • Vaccine schedule consists of two doses given one month apart.
    • A titre level is assessed one month following second vaccination.

    Incubation Period of Rabies

    • Varies between 5 days to over 1 year, with an average of 20-90 days.
    • The virus moves through axons during the incubation period.
    • The virus may remain latent at the site of inoculation before entering the peripheral nervous system in long incubation periods (>4 months).
    • Local infiltration of the wound site with rabies immunoglobulin is important to prevent the formation of reservoirs.
    • The length of the incubation period depends on the severity, size, and depth of the bite or scratch, the age and size of the patient, and the location of the bite.

    Assessment of Exposure

    • Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should ideally be administered to all Category III bite victims, but constraints include the cost of PEP, the availability of immunoglobulin and vaccine, and lack of awareness of rabies prevention guidelines.
    • Non-completion of the vaccine schedule also contributes to failed post-exposure prophylaxis.

    Post-exposure Prophylaxis

    • Prompt local wound care:
    • Flush the wound with running water for at least 5 minutes using soap/detergent, saline, chlorhexidine or cetrimide.
    • Apply disinfectant, e.g., burns and frostbite.

    Dosage and Directions for use of Tetagam® IM (Tetanus Immunoglobulin)

    • Prophylaxis:
    • High-risk injuries to non-immune and immune patients:
    • 250 IU in patients 10 years and older.
    • 500 IU if 24 hours have passed since injury or if there is a risk of heavy contamination.
    • Treatment:
    • Clinical Tetanus:
    • 3000 IU - 6000 IU as a single dose.

    Vazigam® IM (Human Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin)

    • Human varicella-zoster immunoglobulin for intramuscular injection.

    Indications (Vazigam® IM)

    • Confers passive immunity against chickenpox.
    • High-risk patients:
    • Premature neonates
    • Immunocompromised patients (HIV positive symptomatic, immunosuppressive therapy)
    • Neonates 5 days before or 48 hours after delivery
    • Bone marrow recipients
    • Not for the treatment of chickenpox or shingles.

    Chickenpox

    • Caused by the varicella-zoster virus which belongs to the herpes virus family.
    • Spreads through the air, coughs and sneezes, or contact with fluid from inside the blisters.
    • Contagious period is from 2 days before the rash appears, lasting until all blisters have crusted over.

    Dosage and Directions for Use of Vazigam® IM

    • Prophylaxis:

    • 15 IU/kg body weight as soon as possible (within 96 hours) after exposure.

    • Alternative recommended doses for treatment:
    • 2 ml for patients up to 5 years
    • 4 ml for patients aged 6 to 10 years
    • 5 ml for patients aged 11 to 14 years
    • 6 ml for patients 15 years and older.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Lecture 8 - Hyperimmunes PDF

    Description

    This quiz provides an overview of hyperimmune immunoglobulins (HIGs), their uses, and specific products such as Hebagam® and Rabigam®. It highlights how these immunoglobulins are manufactured and their composition. Test your knowledge about HIGs and their applications in immunization and treatment.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser