Hyperemia and Congestion

Hyperemia = Active process due to arteriolar dilation, resulting in increased blood flow and erythema Congestion = Passive process due to reduced venous outflow, resulting in cyanosis and potential tissue injury Erythema = Red color of affected tissues due to increased delivery of oxygenated blood Cyanosis = Abnormal blue-red color of congested tissues due to accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin

Hyperemia = Increased blood flow and red color of affected tissues Congestion = Reduced venous outflow and abnormal blue-red color of affected tissues Chronic passive congestion = Chronic hypoxia and potential ischemic tissue injury Capillary rupture in congested tissues = Small hemorrhagic foci and subsequent catabolism of extravasated red cells

Systemic congestion = Result of cardiac failure and affects multiple tissues Localized congestion = Result of isolated venous obstruction and affects specific areas Chronic passive congestion = Associated with chronic hypoxia and potential tissue scarring Capillary rupture in chronically congested tissues = May occur and lead to small hemorrhagic foci

Red = Color of extravasated red cells in small hemorrhagic foci Blue-red = Accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin in congested tissues Blue = Color of cyanosis in congested tissues

Hyperemia = Arteriolar dilation Congestion = Reduced venous outflow Chronic passive congestion = Chronic hypoxia Capillary rupture in congested tissues = Production of small hemorrhagic foci

Hyperemia is an active process caused by arteriolar dilation and leads to increased blood flow, resulting in redness of affected tissues. Congestion, on the other hand, is a passive process caused by reduced venous outflow and can be systemic or localized. Congested tissues have a blue-red color due to the accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin.

Long-standing chronic passive congestion can result in ischemic tissue injury and scarring due to chronic hypoxia.

The abnormal blue-red color in congested tissues is caused by the accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the affected area.

Hyperemia is characterized by increased blood flow due to arteriolar dilation, while congestion is characterized by reduced venous outflow of blood from a tissue.

Capillary rupture in chronically congested tissues can lead to small hemorrhagic foci, which can subsequently result in the catabolism of extravasated red cells.