Hypercalcemia in Endocrinology

<p>Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental status change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>OPG acts as a decoy receptor, preventing RANKL from binding to RANK. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercalciuria is a common finding in FHH patients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyrotoxicosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neck mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe hypercalcemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FHH exhibits a lower fractional excretion of urine calcium (FeCA) compared to PHPT. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denosumab blocks the interaction between RANKL and RANK, inhibiting osteoclast activation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasopressin is not directly involved in calcium regulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inpatient setting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aggressive hydration, IV phosphate and magnesium sulfate, and calcitonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater than 80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A patient with known parathyroid disease or a neoplasm and acute deterioration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accurate diagnosis through appropriate investigations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may be used in certain situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used to prevent bone loss and associated complications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are likely to be used more widely in the future, pending further studies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapidly increasing blood calcium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces serum calcium concentration in inoperable parathyroid carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can complicate treatment and patient management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyrotoxicosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Management with denosumab (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It presents a multifaceted medical dilemma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting osteoclast activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zoledronate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within 12 hours after rehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imminent parathyroid surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3-10 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucocorticoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30 mg over 2 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activating the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased parathyroid hormone secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CaSR detects decreased calcium levels and stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting calcitriol synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This system plays a key role in regulating bone resorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased mobilization of calcium from bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kidneys are unable to effectively filter calcium from the blood resulting in low urine calcium levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased vitamin D production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of renal insufficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A receptor on parathyroid gland cells that detects ionized calcium levels.

Parathyroid Hormone; increases calcium in blood by promoting bone resorption and kidney absorption.

An elevated level of calcium in the blood, often due to various factors like bone resorption.

The process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

A signaling pathway important for regulating bone resorption involving osteoclasts.

The process by which the kidneys reclaim calcium from urine, increasing blood calcium levels.

Excessive calcium in urine often associated with certain conditions.

A condition where kidneys fail to concentrate urine, leading to high urine calcium levels.

The process by which vasopressin interacts with its receptors, influencing water retention in the kidneys.

RANK is a receptor that binds RANKL, activating osteoclasts involved in bone resorption.

A cytokine that inhibits osteoclast maturation by blocking RANK-RANKL interaction.

A common cause of hypercalcemia characterized by overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

A genetic condition causing elevated serum calcium levels due to inactivated calcium sensing.

A medication that prevents RANKL from activating RANK on osteoclasts, used in hypercalcemia treatment.

A condition potentially contributing to hypercalcemia, related to insufficient vitamin D production.

Primary hyperparathyroidism, a condition of excessive parathyroid hormone.

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, usually due to long-term renal failure.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia, a group of disorders causing tumors in endocrine glands.

Include malaise, fatigue, bone pain, and mental status changes.

Can include cancer, lymphoma, or thyroid issues.

Short QT interval can indicate hypercalcemia on an ECG.

Includes hydration, IV phosphate, magnesium sulfate, and calcitonin.

A medication that acts on calcium-sensing receptors; not yet approved for broader use.

Increased hydration helps manage hypercalcemia effectively.

Bisphosphonates are calcium-specific therapies used in hypercalcemia treatment.

Drugs that mimic calcium to regulate PTH secretion; used in certain cases.

Signals important for bone resorption and calcium homeostasis; therapies targeting this are emerging.

Management includes IV hydration, phosphate, and calcitonin for acute cases.

The active form of vitamin D that regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism.

A condition where elevated calcium levels are associated with malignancies.

Denosumab is used to treat hypercalcemia due to parathyroid carcinoma by inhibiting RANKL.

Involves handling hypercalcemia and hormonal imbalances during thyroid disease.

Medications that inhibit osteoclast activity to reduce bone resorption.

A potent bisphosphonate, 1000x more effective than pamidronate for hypercalcemia.

A bisphosphonate used to manage hypercalcemia but less potent than zoledronate.

Release of calcium from bones into the bloodstream, often causing hypercalcemia.

Decrease in calcium levels following parathyroid surgery, potentially caused by bisphosphonates.

Rehydration is essential before administering bisphosphonates for severe hypercalcemia.