Hydrology and Watersheds Quiz

The key components include evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff.

A watershed is an area of land that channels rainfall, snowmelt, and runoff into a common body of water.

Temperature affects evaporation rates while humidity determines the capacity of air to hold moisture.

<p>Watersheds are categorized as small (&lt; 250 km²), medium (250 km² to 2500 km²), and large (&gt; 2500 km²).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common methods include the Rational Method and the SCS Method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time of concentration is the time it takes for water to flow from the most distant point in the catchment to the outlet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basin slope can be calculated using the formula: $\frac{L}{A}$, where L is total length of contours and A is basin area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include interception, evaporation, infiltration, and transpiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three parameters are Form Factor, Circularity Ratio, and Compactness Coefficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Time of Concentration indicates the time it takes for water to travel from the most distant point in the watershed to the outlet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hydrograph typically includes base flow, direct runoff, and total streamflow over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flood routing is the process of predicting the movement and timing of floodwater through a river system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Land use affects runoff, infiltration, and overall hydrology by altering the natural landscape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative characteristics provide measurable data that enhance understanding of watershed behavior under various conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Climate change alters precipitation patterns, increases evaporation rates, and contributes to severe weather events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basin shape affects water storage, flow patterns, and the speed of runoff, influencing flood risk and sediment transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere. It is important because it helps understand precipitation patterns, evaporation rates, and extreme weather events, all of which are crucial for water management and predicting water availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature directly affects evaporation rates, with warmer temperatures increasing the rate at which water evaporates from surfaces like oceans, rivers, and lakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humidity, which measures the amount of water vapor in the air, affects cloud formation by influencing condensation rates that lead to precipitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wind drives the movement of moisture and weather systems, transporting moist air masses to areas that require water and carrying dry air to arid regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary energy source driving the water cycle is solar radiation, which affects evaporation and the heating of land and water surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extreme weather events such as storms and droughts are studied in hydrometeorology as they have direct implications on water availability, flood risks, and water management strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mean daily temperature is the average of the daily high and low temperatures, while mean monthly temperature is the average temperature across all days of the month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solar radiation affects the energy balance by providing the necessary heat that influences evaporation and changes the temperature of land and water surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, channel, or conduit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural hydrograph, Direct runoff hydrograph, Unit hydrograph.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The approach segment starts with rainfall beginning and ends at peak rainfall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peak discharge is the time when the outlet of the basin reaches its highest flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lag time is the time between peak rainfall and peak discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rising limb begins when the flow of the basin starts to rise and reaches the basin outlet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The falling limb shows that water is still reaching the outlet but in decreasing amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tc is the time required for water to travel from the most hydraulically remote point in the basin to the basin outlet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The form factor is calculated using the formula $\frac{W_b}{L_b} = 2$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The circularity ratio is calculated using the formula $\frac{A_0}{P} = 4\pi A$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The compactness coefficient is defined as $CC = \frac{P_b}{2\pi A}$, indicating the basin's shape and drainage efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two land use types could be agricultural and urban.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drainage density is defined by the formula $D_d = \frac{L_s}{A}$, where $L_s$ is the length of streams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time of concentration is the time required for water to travel from the most hydraulically remote point in the basin to the basin outlet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stream frequency ($F_s$) is calculated by $F_s = \frac{N_s}{A}$, where $N_s$ is the number of streams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One quantitative characteristic is stream frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ITCZ is a region near the equator where trade winds converge, leading to high rainfall, which recently reached record levels due to global warming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>El Niño typically causes drier conditions in some regions and wetter conditions in others, while La Niña often leads to increased rainfall in some areas and droughts in others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three models are K-Nearest Neighbors Regression (KNNR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Random Forest Regression (RFR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The optimization strategy involved a weighted average of the KNNR, SVR, and RFR outputs to enhance prediction accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower error values in Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Bias Error (MBE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) along with a correlation coefficient of 94% demonstrated Com-RSK's superior performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support Vector Regression (SVR) performed best individually due to its lowest error rates and highest predictive correlation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The methodology is adaptable to similar climates and has the potential for updates to apply to various climatic regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Com-RSK showed superior performance over traditional satellite products such as CMORPH and CHIRPS.</p> Signup and view all the answers