Hydrogen Fuel and Its Properties

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Questions and Answers

How is hydrogen typically produced from water?

By burning water to produce hydrogen

By running electricity to combine hydrogen and water

By separating water into hydrogen and oxygen

By passing electricity into water to separate it into hydrogen and oxygen (correct)

What makes hydrogen hazardous as a fuel?

Its high ignition and high combustion energy

Its low ignition and low combustion energy

Its low ignition and high combustion energy (correct)

Its high ignition and low combustion energy

Why is steam methane reforming traditionally preferred over electrolysis?

Because electrolysis produces greenhouse gases

Because electrolysis requires a high amount of water

Because electrolysis has lower production efficiency

Because electrolysis requires electricity (correct)

What is the main challenge in using hydrogen as a fuel for vehicles?

The difficulty of storing hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a fuel cell?

To convert chemical energy into electrical energy Signup and view all the answers

How does a hydrogen fuel cell work?

By converting chemical energy into electrical energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference used in ocean thermal energy conversion?

Temperature difference Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the OTEC developed?

1880 Signup and view all the answers

What is the by-product of the ocean thermal energy conversion?

Desalinated water Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid is used in closed cycle systems of OTEC?

Fluid with low boiling points Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the heat exchanger in OTEC?

To condense the vapor Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of open cycle OTEC systems?

They use warm surface water Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tide with the least difference between high and low tides?

Neap tide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of turbine can be mounted both vertically and horizontally?

Gorlov turbine Signup and view all the answers

What type of tides occur when there is interference with continents?

Diurnal tide Signup and view all the answers

What generates convection currents in the atmosphere?

Heating and cooling of the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated amount of wind energy available over the earth's surface?

1.6 X 10^7 MW Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of wind formation?

Sun Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is wind energy?

Renewable energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a turbine in a wind farm?

To generate electricity from wind energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range of speed at which electricity is generated from a wind turbine?

30-35 mph Signup and view all the answers

When did the development of wind power in India begin?

1990 Signup and view all the answers

How many types of disasters are there?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of disaster management?

To prepare for disasters before they occur Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in preparedness planning?

Determination of objectives Signup and view all the answers

At what distance from the shore are tsunami detectors usually placed?

50 kms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a legally binding agreement between two or more nation states relating to the environment?

MEA Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the programme run by the UN related to sustainable development?

Agenda 21 Signup and view all the answers

How many points are required for a gold LEED certification?

60-79 Signup and view all the answers

What is the global scale environmental issue?

Climate change Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hydrogen Production and Hazards

Hydrogen is produced from water primarily through electrolysis, a process that uses electricity to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
Hydrogen is hazardous as a fuel due to its flammability and the potential for explosive mixtures in air.
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is traditionally preferred over electrolysis because it is currently more cost-effective and efficient for large-scale hydrogen production.

Hydrogen as a Vehicle Fuel

The main challenge in using hydrogen as a fuel for vehicles is the lack of infrastructure for distribution and refueling stations.
A fuel cell converts chemical energy from hydrogen into electricity, emitting only water vapor as a byproduct.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

OTEC utilizes the temperature difference between warmer surface water and colder deep water to generate energy.
Developed in the 1970s, OTEC employs a working fluid with a low boiling point, like ammonia, in closed cycle systems.
The heat exchanger in OTEC transfers thermal energy between warm and cold fluids to facilitate energy generation.
Open cycle OTEC systems can produce fresh water as a byproduct, taking advantage of the low pressure used to vaporize warm seawater.

Tides and Turbines

The least difference between high and low tides is known as neap tide.
Turbines that can be mounted both vertically and horizontally include Kaplan and Francis turbines.
Tides interfered with by continents are referred to as channel tides, affected by landmass configurations.

Wind Energy

Convection currents in the atmosphere are generated by uneven heating from the sun, resulting in wind formation.
An estimated 1,500 terawatts of wind energy are available over the Earth's surface.
Wind energy is considered renewable energy, as it derives from natural atmospheric movements.
Turbines in wind farms convert kinetic energy from wind into electrical energy.
A typical wind turbine generates electricity at wind speeds between 10 to 25 mph.

Disaster Management and Preparedness

Disaster management is essential for effectively responding to and recovering from disasters.
The primary purpose of disaster management is to minimize the impact of disasters on communities.
The first step in preparedness planning involves risk assessment and identifying potential hazards.
Tsunami detectors are typically placed about 100 miles (160 km) from shore to detect undersea seismic activity.

International Agreements and Initiatives

A legally binding environmental agreement between nations is called a treaty.
The United Nations runs the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program, focusing on global sustainability.
A minimum of 80 points is required for gold certification under the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) standard.
Climate change is recognized as a significant global-scale environmental issue impacting ecosystems and societies.

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Description

Test your knowledge about hydrogen as a fuel source, including its production and hazardous properties. Learn about the process of separating water into hydrogen and oxygen and understand the reasons behind hydrogen's hazardous nature as a fuel.