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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary motivations for utilizing hydrogen as an energy carrier?
Which characteristic of hydrogen provides it with high efficiency in energy use?
What is a significant challenge associated with hydrogen as an energy carrier?
Which of the following is a potential environmental impact of hydrogen combustion?
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What solution is suggested to mitigate high NOx emissions from hydrogen combustion?
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Why is hydrogen not found naturally in significant quantities?
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What is one method of hydrogen production mentioned in the context?
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What collaborative effort is being made in Japan regarding hydrogen energy?
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What is one of the major safety concerns related to higher flame speed in hydrogen compared to hydrocarbons?
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Which method of hydrogen production is considered less costly and has the potential for zero carbon emissions?
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What is a disadvantage of storing hydrogen as a compressed liquid?
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What is a benefit of using on-board reforming for hydrogen vehicles?
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How much hydrogen is produced from the decomposition of 2 moles of methanol in the reforming process?
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What is the primary disadvantage of hydrogen stored as a compressed gas?
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What is a limitation of producing hydrogen through thermal decomposition methods?
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Which of these is NOT a stated method of hydrogen production?
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Study Notes
Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
- Hydrogen is considered a potential pathway for zero-carbon emissions and zero-petroleum vehicles.
- Hydrogen has the highest energy density per mass compared to other fossil and renewable fuels.
- Hydrogen combustion produces only water as a byproduct, eliminating the emission of UHC, CO, CO2, and soot.
- However, hydrogen has the lowest energy density per volume.
- Hydrogen does not occur naturally in the environment, necessitating the use of hydrogen carriers.
- Hydrogen has a high flame speed, leading to safety concerns due to its wide flammability limits.
Hydrogen Production Methods
- Chemically: Steam reforming of carbon sources like coal, natural gas, or biomass produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
- Electrically: Electrolysis uses electricity to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen.
- Thermally: Thermal decomposition of water at high temperatures (above 2000°C) or thermal cycles under 1000°C using specific chemical reactions can produce hydrogen.
Hydrogen Storage Methods
- Compressed Gas: Hydrogen is stored under high pressure (5000 psi), resulting in a heavy but efficient storage system.
- Liquid Hydrogen: Stored in cryogenic conditions, resulting in significant volume reduction but high cost and evaporation issues.
- Metal Hydrides: Hydrogen is stored in metal alloys like magnesium, nickel, or titanium by reversible chemical bonding. This method is expensive and heavy.
- Irreversible Chemical Bonding: Hydrogen can be stored by irreversible chemical bonding, such as in gasoline.
Hydrogen Distribution
- Existing infrastructure can be utilized for on-demand uses.
- For large-scale distribution, infrastructure development is necessary.
- Potential distribution options include repurposing natural gas pipelines, on-board reforming for vehicles, cryogenic high-pressure tanker systems, and hydrogen refueling stations.
On-board Reforming
- This method uses existing fuel infrastructure for vehicles.
- It involves reforming methanol into hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.
- Concerns include complex design, control, integration, and packaging requirements.
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Description
This quiz explores hydrogen's role as a zero-carbon energy carrier and its various production methods. Learn about its energy density, environmentally friendly combustion, and the challenges of safe use. Test your knowledge on steam reforming, electrolysis, and thermal decomposition of water.
