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Questions and Answers
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is stored energy based on an object's position.
What is the primary source of energy for the biosphere?
What is the primary source of energy for the biosphere?
The primary source of energy for the biosphere is the sun.
What are redox reactions?
What are redox reactions?
Redox reactions are chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between two substances.
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
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What is Gibbs Free Energy?
What is Gibbs Free Energy?
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What is the role of ATP in cells?
What is the role of ATP in cells?
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What factors influence the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
What factors influence the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
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What are ribozymes?
What are ribozymes?
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Match the following terms related to enzymes with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to enzymes with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Kinetic vs. Potential Energy
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
- Potential energy is stored energy that has the potential to do work.
Primary Energy Source for the Biosphere
- The sun is the primary source of energy for the biosphere.
- Photosynthetic organisms, like plants, capture this energy and convert it into chemical energy.
Redox Reactions
- Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules.
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
- Reduction is the gain of electrons.
First Law of Thermodynamics
- The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
Gibbs Free Energy
- Gibbs Free Energy (G) is a thermodynamic quantity that represents the amount of energy available to do useful work in a system at a constant temperature and pressure.
- A negative change in Gibbs Free Energy indicates a spontaneous reaction.
ATP in Cells
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of cells.
- ATP is used to power various cellular processes, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis.
Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity
- Temperature: Enzymes have an optimal temperature range for activity.
- pH: Each enzyme has an optimal pH for activity.
- Substrate concentration: The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases with increasing substrate concentration until the enzyme becomes saturated.
- Enzyme concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration increases the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
- Inhibitors: Inhibitory molecules can bind to enzymes and decrease their activity.
Ribozymes
- Ribozymes are RNA molecules that have catalytic activity.
- They can catalyze various reactions, including RNA splicing and peptide bond formation.
Enzyme-related Terms and Definitions
- Active site: The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.
- Substrate: The molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
- Product: The molecule that is formed by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
- Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction.
- Cofactor: A non-protein molecule that is required for enzyme activity.
- Coenzyme: An organic cofactor.
- Competitive inhibition: Inhibition of enzyme activity by a molecule that competes with the substrate for binding to the active site.
- Non-competitive inhibition: Inhibition of enzyme activity by a molecule that binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site.
- Allosteric regulation: Regulation of enzyme activity by the binding of a molecule to a site other than the active site.
- Feedback inhibition: A type of allosteric regulation where the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme early in the pathway.
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