Hybridization in Organic Chemistry

A process where atomic orbitals combine to form new, equivalent hybrid orbitals.

A type of hybridization where one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals.

New, equivalent orbitals resulting from the combination of an s orbital and three p orbitals, with a tetrahedral orientation.

A spatial arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms around a central atom, forming four corners of a tetrahedron.

An example of a molecule with sp3 hybridization, where carbon forms four identical bonds with hydrogen atoms.

The fundamental atomic orbitals from which hybrid orbitals are formed.

Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom, involved in chemical bonding.

Ethylene (C2H4) has two sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, four sigma (σ) bonds (two carbon-hydrogen and two carbon-carbon sigma bonds), and one pi (π) bond.

Ethyne (C2H2) has two sp hybridized carbon atoms, two sigma (σ) bonds (two carbon-hydrogen and one carbon-carbon sigma bonds), and two pi (π) bonds.

A type of hybridization where one s orbital and one p orbital combine to form two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals.

A type of hybridization where one s orbital and two p orbitals combine to form three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals.

A type of hybridization where one s orbital and three p orbitals combine to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals.

A covalent bond formed by the direct overlap of atomic orbitals along the bond axis.

A covalent bond formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals.

Ethane (C2H6) shows tetrahedral shape around the carbon atoms, has two sp3 hybridized carbons, six sigma (σ) bonds, and no pi (π) bonds.

Ethene (C2H4) shows a trigonal planar shape around each carbon atom, has two sp2 hybridized carbons, four sigma (σ) bonds, and one pi (π) bond.

The mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals in a nitrogen molecule (N2).

The mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals in a molecule containing three nitrogens (N3).

Different compounds with the same molecular formula but different atomic arrangements.

Isomers with different bonding arrangements of atoms, also called constitutional isomers.

Isomers with the same atom bonding pattern, but differing spatial arrangement.

A type of structural isomerism where the carbon chain in a molecule has different branching patterns.

Different structural arrangements of 5 carbons and 12 hydrogens.

Different structural arrangements of 6 carbons and 14 hydrogens.

Geometric isomers with the same atom connection, but different spatial arrangement around a double bond.

Geometric isomer where identical groups are on the same side of the double bond.

Geometric isomer where identical groups are on opposite sides of the double bond.

A method to specify geometric isomers of alkenes with more than two substituents, using E and Z.

E/Z isomer; high priority groups are on the same side of the double bond (zusammen).

E/Z isomer; high priority groups are on opposite sides of the double bond (entgegen).

Rules for assigning priorities to atoms or groups around a double bond for E/Z determination.

A carbon atom bonded to four different groups.

A carbon bonded to only one other carbon atom.

A carbon bonded to two other carbon atoms.

A carbon bonded to three other carbon atoms.

A carbon bonded to four other carbon atoms.

Specific atoms or groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical properties and reactions.

An organic compound containing a halogen atom (like Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, or Iodine) bonded to a carbon.

An organic compound containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom.

An organic compound with an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.

An organic compound containing a cyano group (-C≡N).

Organic compound containing a nitro group (-NO2).

An organic compound containing a nitrogen atom with one to three carbon-nitrogen bonds.

An organic compound with a carbonyl group (-C=O) at the end of a carbon chain.

An organic compound with a carbonyl group (-C=O) in the middle of a carbon chain.

An organic compound containing a carboxyl group (-COOH).

An organic compound with a carbonyl group (-C=O) bonded to an oxygen atom that is also bonded to a carbon.

An organic compound with a carbonyl group (-C=O) bonded to a nitrogen atom.

An organic compound characterised by two carbonyl groups connected together.