Human Vision and Processing Quiz

Vision

• Light is how the human eye receives and transforms light.
• The human eye focuses an image onto the back of the eye.
• The image of the object is upside down.
• Electrical signals are sent to the brain by the receptors in the eye.

Color

• Color is composed of three components:
  • Hue
  • Intensity
  • Saturation
• Hue is determined by the spectral wavelength of the light.

Human Processor Model

• Created in 1983 by Card, Moran and Newell.
• Explains how humans interact with computer systems.

Input-Output Channels

• The senses are the input channels.
• Responders or effectors are the output channels.
• The input channels are the senses.
• The output channels are the responders or effectors.

Memory

• Human memory is how the brain works and will be covered in other work.

Ethical Systems

• Ethical systems are a complex system comprised of directives, social policies, and public expectations.
• Public expectations should be formal and impartial, while informal expectations are often shaped by social norms.
• An ethical system is built on both rules of conduct and principles for evaluation, each of which can be further divided into two categories.

Rules of Conduct

• Rules of conduct guide individual behavior and social policies – the former focuses on smaller-scale actions, while the latter focuses on larger-scale societal structures.
• Examples of rules of conduct guiding individuals include "Do not steal" and "Do not harm others."
• Examples of rules of conduct that shape social policies include privacy laws and data security regulations.

Principles for Evaluation

• Principles for evaluating rules include social utility, justice, and non-discrimination.

Ethical Theories

• Ethical theories are used to determine actions in ethical dilemmas.
• There are four common theories used to guide decision making.

Consequence-Based Ethics

• Consequence-based ethics prioritize outcomes.
• Utilitarianism is one example, which focuses on maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering for the greatest number of people.

Duty-Based Ethics

• Duty-based ethics focus on principles and obligations rather than outcomes.
• Duty-based ethics prioritize respect for individuals and their inherent rights.

Contract-Based Ethics

• Contract-based ethics focus on the idea of a social contract that ensures individual rights within a societal framework.
• Actions are considered ethical if they adhere to this agreement and are judged by the parameters of the contract.

Virtue Ethics

• Virtue ethics focuses on character development and acting according to ethical principles, rather than solely on consequences or duties.
• It emphasizes individual integrity and a sense of moral responsibility.

Islamic Professional Ethics

• Islamic professional ethics are informed by Islamic principles, such as trustworthiness, honesty, keeping promises, and fulfilling contracts.
• These principles guide professional behavior, emphasizing the importance of social well-being and justice.
• Islamic ethics prioritize fulfilling obligations first, followed by achieving individual well-being.