Human Skull and Spine Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the end of the sternum?

  • Xiphoid Process (correct)
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Costal Cartilage

Which of the following bones is NOT a part of the pelvis?

  • Carpals (correct)
  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis

Which of the following describes the ribs that do not connect to the sternum?

  • False Ribs
  • Costal Ribs
  • Floating Ribs (correct)
  • True Ribs

Where do the ilium and sacrum connect?

<p>Sacroiliac Joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the costal cartilages?

<p>Attaching ribs to the sternum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is anatomically referred to as the kneecap?

<p>Patella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many metatarsals are found in the human foot?

<p>5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the hip joint socket?

<p>Acetabulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cranial bones?

<p>To encase the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is located posterior to the nose?

<p>Sphenoid bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of the cervical vertebrae from C1 to C7?

<p>C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint connects the mandible to the temporal bone?

<p>Temporomandibular joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the human spine?

<p>12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones connects to the humerus at the elbow joint?

<p>Radius and ulna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the flat, triangular-shaped bone at the back of the shoulder?

<p>Scapula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cervical vertebrae?

<p>To allow for head movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suture is responsible for joining the frontal and parietal bones?

<p>Coronal suture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily involved in skull development?

<p>Intramembranous ossification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which foramina are critical for the passage of vital structures in the skull?

<p>Foramen magnum, optic canal, internal acoustic meatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequence can arise from skull fractures?

<p>Damage to the brain, nerves, and blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does the complete fusion of skull sutures typically occur?

<p>Young adulthood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many separate bones comprise the human skull?

<p>22 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the forehead and the superior aspects of the eye sockets?

<p>Frontal bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the facial skeleton?

<p>Support the face and house sensory organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is the largest and strongest in the face?

<p>Mandible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial bone forms the back and base of the skull?

<p>Occipital bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cranial sutures in the skull?

<p>To provide strength and stability while allowing for slight expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is situated between the orbital and nasal cavities?

<p>Ethmoid bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones form the upper jaw and contain the upper teeth?

<p>Maxillae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the nasal bone?

The bone that forms the bridge of the nose.

Which bone connects the nose, cheekbones and upper teeth?

The bone that connects the nose, cheekbones and upper teeth.

What is the humerus?

The bone of the upper arm.

What is the scapula?

The flat, triangular-shaped bone at the back, commonly called the shoulder blade.

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What is the glenoid fossa?

The concave area on the scapula where the head of the humerus meets to form the shoulder joint.

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What are the radius and ulna?

The bones that connect to the humerus at the elbow joint and form the forearm.

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What are the carpal bones?

The 8 small bones in the wrist that connect the radius and ulna to the metacarpals.

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What are the metacarpals?

The bones that connect the carpal bones to the phalanges, making up the palm of your hand.

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Manubrium

The top part of the sternum, located above the sternal angle.

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Sternoclavicular joint

The joint where the clavicle and sternum meet.

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Sternal angle

The point where the manubrium and body of the sternum meet. It's useful for counting ribs.

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Xiphoid process

The small bone at the end of the sternum. It's small and easily fractured.

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Ribs

The bones that connect to the spine and form the rib cage.

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Costal cartilages

Cartilages that connect ribs to the sternum, except for the floating ribs.

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Floating ribs

The 11th and 12th ribs that don't attach to the sternum. They're more flexible.

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Sacrum

The large, curved bone at the base of the spine that connects to the ilium. It's triangular-shaped.

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Coronal suture

The coronal suture joins the frontal and parietal bones, forming the front part of the skull.

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Sagittal suture

The sagittal suture joins the two parietal bones along the middle of the top of the skull.

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Lambdoid suture

The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bones to the occipital bone at the back of the skull.

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Squamous sutures

The squamous sutures join the temporal bones to the parietal bones on each side of your head.

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Foramina

Openings in the skull that allow nerves, blood vessels, and other structures to pass through. They are crucial for communication between the brain, face, and other parts of the body.

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What is the function of the human skull?

The human skull is a complex structure that forms the head, protecting the brain, facial structures, and sensory organs. It is composed of interlocking bones, joined by sutures, which are fibrous joints.

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What are the main components of the cranium?

The cranium encloses the brain and consists of eight bones. These bones are joined together to form a continuous protective shell.

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What are the main functions of the facial skeleton?

The facial skeleton comprises 14 bones, structured to support the face and house the sensory organs. Some of these bones form the upper jaw and teeth, while others shape the cheeks and nose.

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What are sutures and what is their role in the skull?

Sutures are fibrous joints connecting skull bones. They provide strength and stability, allowing for slight expansion during growth.

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What is the function of the frontal bone?

The frontal bone forms the forehead and the superior aspects of the eye sockets.

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What is the function of the parietal bones?

The parietal bones form the superior and lateral aspects of the skull, creating the top and sides.

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What is the function of the temporal bones?

The temporal bones are situated on either side of the head. They house the inner ear structures and connect to the lower jaw.

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What is the function of the occipital bone?

The occipital bone forms the back and base of the skull, and is where the skull connects to the spinal column.

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Study Notes

Skull

  • Skull composed of 22 bones joined by sutures (fibrous joints) for stability and limited movement
  • Cranial bones (8) protect the brain
    • Frontal bone (forehead, superior eye sockets)
    • Parietal bones (2) (superior and lateral aspects)
    • Temporal bones (2) (side of head, inner ear, connect to lower jaw)
    • Occipital bone (back and base of skull, connects to spinal column)
    • Sphenoid bone (base of skull, supports anterior skull base)
    • Ethmoid bone (small, between orbital and nasal cavities)
  • Facial bones (14) support the face and house sensory organs
    • Maxillae (2) (upper jaw, upper teeth, articulates with other facial bones)
    • Palatine bones (2) (part of hard palate, separates oral and nasal cavities)
    • Zygomatic bones (2) (cheekbones)
    • Nasal bones (2) (bridge of nose)
    • Lacrimal bones (2) (medial wall of orbit, tear channels)
    • Vomer (part of nasal septum, divides nasal cavity)
    • Mandible (lower jaw) (largest, strongest facial bone, connects to temporal at TMJ for movement)
  • Cranial sutures are important fibrous joints connecting skull bones:
    • Coronal suture (frontal and parietal)
    • Sagittal suture (two parietal bones)
    • Lambdoid suture (parietal and occipital)
    • Squamous sutures (temporal and parietal)
  • Foramina and processes allow passage of nerves, blood vessels
    • Foramen magnum, optic canal internal acoustic meatus are examples
  • Skull develops via intramembranous ossification from mesoderm, starting with flat bones, followed by base
  • Skull growth continues into adolescence, suture fusion in young adulthood
  • Skull fractures can damage brain, nerves, blood vessels, requiring treatment (surgery possible)
  • Variations in skull shape and size occur due to genetic factors

Spine (no changes)

  • Spine composed of vertebrae (C1-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5, sacrum, coccyx)
    • Vertebrae numbered superior to inferior.
    • C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) are named differently.

Upper Limb (no changes)

  • Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
  • Joints: glenohumeral, elbow, MCP, PIP, DIP, CMC

Thorax (no changes)

  • Sternoclavicular joint, sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid), ribs (1-12), costal cartilages, floating ribs (11, 12)

Pelvis (no changes)

  • Ilium, ischium, pubis bones, sacroiliac joint, pubic symphysis, acetabulum

Lower Limb (no changes)

  • Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, hip joint, knee joint

Ankle and Foot (no changes)

  • Tarsal bones (talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms), metatarsals, phalanges

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