Human Skeletal System Quiz

Skeletal System

• Functions:
  • Supports the body
  • Protects internal organs
  • Allows for movement
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores minerals (e.g. calcium, phosphorus)
• Components:
  • 206 bones
  • Joints (connect bones)
  • Ligaments (connect bones to each other)
  • Tendons (connect muscles to bones)
• Types of bones:
  • Long bones (e.g. femur, humerus)
  • Short bones (e.g. carpals, tarsals)
  • Flat bones (e.g. ribs, sternum)
  • Irregular bones (e.g. vertebrae, pelvis)

Muscular System

• Functions:
  • Movement
  • Maintaining posture
  • Regulating body temperature
  • Supporting blood flow
• Types of muscles:
  • Skeletal muscles (voluntary, attached to bones)
  • Smooth muscles (involuntary, found in organs and blood vessels)
  • Cardiac muscles (involuntary, found in the heart)
• Muscle structure:
  • Muscle fibers ( bundles of muscle cells)
  • Muscle cells (containing myofibrils)
  • Myofibrils (containing actin and myosin filaments)

Circulatory System

• Functions:
  • Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • Transports waste products away from cells
  • Regulates body temperature
• Components:
  • Heart (pumps blood)
  • Arteries (carry oxygenated blood away from the heart)
  • Veins (carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart)
  • Blood vessels (capillaries, arterioles, venules)
• Blood composition:
  • Plasma (liquid portion)
  • Red blood cells (carry oxygen)
  • White blood cells (part of the immune system)
  • Platelets (involved in blood clotting)

Nervous System

• Functions:
  • Controls and coordinates body functions
  • Interprets and responds to sensory information
  • Regulates body temperature
• Components:
  • Central nervous system (CNS: brain, spinal cord)
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS: nerves, ganglia)
  • Somatic nervous system (voluntary movements)
  • Autonomic nervous system (involuntary functions, e.g. heart rate)
• Neurons:
  • Dendrites (receive signals)
  • Cell body (contains nucleus)
  • Axon (transmits signals)
  • Synapses (gaps between neurons)

Respiratory System

• Functions:
  • Brings oxygen into the body
  • Removes carbon dioxide from the body
  • Regulates pH levels
• Components:
  • Nose and mouth (air entry points)
  • Trachea (windpipe)
  • Bronchi (airways)
  • Lungs (exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide)
  • Diaphragm (muscle that separates chest and abdominal cavities)
• Breathing process:
  • Inspiration (inhaling)
  • Expiration (exhaling)
  • External respiration (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and atmosphere)
  • Internal respiration (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and blood)

Skeletal System

• Supports the body and protects internal organs
• Allows for movement through the articulation of bones at joints
• Produces blood cells, including red and white blood cells and platelets
• Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus for maintaining bone health
• Comprises 206 bones, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones
• Joints, ligaments, and tendons connect and facilitate movement between bones

Muscular System

• Enables movement, maintains posture, and regulates body temperature
• Supports blood flow through the contraction and relaxation of muscles
• Consists of three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
• Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attached to bones, while smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs and blood vessels
• Cardiac muscles are involuntary and found in the heart
• Muscles are composed of muscle fibers, which contain muscle cells and myofibrils

Circulatory System

• Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products
• Regulates body temperature through the circulation of blood
• Comprises the heart, arteries, veins, and blood vessels
• The heart pumps blood, while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
• Blood vessels, including capillaries, arterioles, and venules, facilitate the exchange of oxygen and nutrients
• Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Nervous System

• Controls and coordinates body functions, interprets and responds to sensory information
• Regulates body temperature through the autonomic nervous system
• Comprises the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of nerves and ganglia
• The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions
• Neurons transmit and process signals through dendrites, cell bodies, axons, and synapses

Respiratory System

• Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
• Regulates pH levels through the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Comprises the nose and mouth, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm
• Air enters the body through the nose and mouth, passes through the trachea and bronchi, and reaches the lungs
• The lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through external respiration
• The diaphragm separates the chest and abdominal cavities and facilitates breathing through inspiration and expiration

Cell Biology

Cell Structure

• Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, allowing selective movement of substances in and out of the cell
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that provides mechanical support and medium for metabolic reactions
• Nucleus contains DNA, the genetic material that controls cell growth and reproduction
• Mitochondria produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport, and can be either rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes)
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances
• Golgi apparatus modifies and transports proteins and lipids synthesized by the ER

Cell Functions

• Metabolism involves the breakdown and synthesis of organic molecules to maintain cellular energy and function
• Growth and development involve the increase in cell size and number, and are regulated by hormones and growth factors
• Response to stimuli involves the detection and response to changes in the environment, such as light, temperature, and touch
• Reproduction involves the division of cells to form new cells, and can be either mitotic (somatic cells) or meiotic (gametes)
• Death involves the regulated destruction of cells, which can be either apoptosis (programmed cell death) or necrosis (unprogrammed cell death)

Skeletal System

Functions

• Support provides a framework for the body, allowing for movement and protection of internal organs
• Protection involves the encasing of internal organs, such as the brain and heart, in a protective cage of bone
• Movement involves the attachment of muscles to bones, allowing for movement and locomotion
• Blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow, which produces red and white blood cells
• Calcium and phosphorus storage involves the deposition of these minerals in bone tissue, maintaining strong bones and teeth

Bone Structure

• Compact bone is dense and compact, providing strength and protection
• Cancellous bone is spongy and porous, providing support and reducing weight
• Periosteum is the outer layer of bone tissue, providing a surface for muscle attachment
• Endosteum is the inner layer of bone tissue, providing a surface for bone marrow
• Bone marrow is the spongy tissue within bones, responsible for blood cell production

Joints

• Synovial joints allow for free movement and are found in the shoulders, elbows, and knees
• Cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage and allow for limited movement
• Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and allow for limited movement
• Joints provide support, reduce friction, and allow for movement

Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Brain is the control center of the body, integrating and processing information
• Spinal cord extends from the brain down to the lower back, transmitting messages between the brain and peripheral nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary motor functions, such as movement and muscle contraction
• Autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing
• Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and transmit signals to the CNS

Neurons

• Structure consists of a cell body, dendrites, axon, and terminal buttons
• Function involves the transmission of signals between neurons, integrating and processing information

Synapses

• Chemical synapses involve the release of neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons, which bind to receptors on adjacent neurons
• Electrical synapses involve the direct transmission of electrical signals between neurons, through gap junctions

Muscular System

Muscle Types

• Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that attach to bones, providing movement and locomotion
• Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the digestive tract and blood vessels
• Cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle found in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body

Muscle Functions

• Movement involves the contraction of skeletal muscles to move bones
• Support involves the contraction of smooth muscles to support organs
• Blood circulation involves the contraction of cardiac muscle to pump blood throughout the body

Muscle Physiology

• Contraction involves the shortening of muscle fibers, resulting in muscle movement
• Relaxation involves the lengthening of muscle fibers, resulting in muscle relaxation
• Twitch involves the rapid contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers, resulting in muscle movement