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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
What type of muscle is attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement?
What type of muscle is attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement?
What component of the circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body?
What component of the circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body?
What part of the nervous system interprets and responds to sensory information?
What part of the nervous system interprets and responds to sensory information?
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Which type of bone is found in the wrist and ankle?
Which type of bone is found in the wrist and ankle?
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What is the main function of smooth muscles?
What is the main function of smooth muscles?
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What type of blood cell is involved in the immune system?
What type of blood cell is involved in the immune system?
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What system regulates body temperature?
What system regulates body temperature?
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What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
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Which organelle is responsible for modifying and transporting proteins?
Which organelle is responsible for modifying and transporting proteins?
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What is the main function of the periosteum in bone structure?
What is the main function of the periosteum in bone structure?
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Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of movement?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of movement?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the term for the process by which cells divide to form new cells?
What is the term for the process by which cells divide to form new cells?
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Which system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells?
Which system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells?
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What is the term for the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane?
What is the term for the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane?
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What is the primary function of dendrites in neurons?
What is the primary function of dendrites in neurons?
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Which type of synapse uses neurotransmitters to transmit signals?
Which type of synapse uses neurotransmitters to transmit signals?
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What is the primary function of cardiac muscle in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle in the circulatory system?
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What is the result of muscle relaxation?
What is the result of muscle relaxation?
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What is the function of valves in the heart?
What is the function of valves in the heart?
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What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System
- Functions:
- Supports the body
- Protects internal organs
- Allows for movement
- Produces blood cells
- Stores minerals (e.g. calcium, phosphorus)
- Components:
- 206 bones
- Joints (connect bones)
- Ligaments (connect bones to each other)
- Tendons (connect muscles to bones)
- Types of bones:
- Long bones (e.g. femur, humerus)
- Short bones (e.g. carpals, tarsals)
- Flat bones (e.g. ribs, sternum)
- Irregular bones (e.g. vertebrae, pelvis)
Muscular System
- Functions:
- Movement
- Maintaining posture
- Regulating body temperature
- Supporting blood flow
- Types of muscles:
- Skeletal muscles (voluntary, attached to bones)
- Smooth muscles (involuntary, found in organs and blood vessels)
- Cardiac muscles (involuntary, found in the heart)
- Muscle structure:
- Muscle fibers ( bundles of muscle cells)
- Muscle cells (containing myofibrils)
- Myofibrils (containing actin and myosin filaments)
Circulatory System
- Functions:
- Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
- Transports waste products away from cells
- Regulates body temperature
- Components:
- Heart (pumps blood)
- Arteries (carry oxygenated blood away from the heart)
- Veins (carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart)
- Blood vessels (capillaries, arterioles, venules)
- Blood composition:
- Plasma (liquid portion)
- Red blood cells (carry oxygen)
- White blood cells (part of the immune system)
- Platelets (involved in blood clotting)
Nervous System
- Functions:
- Controls and coordinates body functions
- Interprets and responds to sensory information
- Regulates body temperature
- Components:
- Central nervous system (CNS: brain, spinal cord)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS: nerves, ganglia)
- Somatic nervous system (voluntary movements)
- Autonomic nervous system (involuntary functions, e.g. heart rate)
- Neurons:
- Dendrites (receive signals)
- Cell body (contains nucleus)
- Axon (transmits signals)
- Synapses (gaps between neurons)
Respiratory System
- Functions:
- Brings oxygen into the body
- Removes carbon dioxide from the body
- Regulates pH levels
- Components:
- Nose and mouth (air entry points)
- Trachea (windpipe)
- Bronchi (airways)
- Lungs (exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- Diaphragm (muscle that separates chest and abdominal cavities)
- Breathing process:
- Inspiration (inhaling)
- Expiration (exhaling)
- External respiration (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and atmosphere)
- Internal respiration (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and blood)
Skeletal System
- Supports the body and protects internal organs
- Allows for movement through the articulation of bones at joints
- Produces blood cells, including red and white blood cells and platelets
- Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus for maintaining bone health
- Comprises 206 bones, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones
- Joints, ligaments, and tendons connect and facilitate movement between bones
Muscular System
- Enables movement, maintains posture, and regulates body temperature
- Supports blood flow through the contraction and relaxation of muscles
- Consists of three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
- Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attached to bones, while smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs and blood vessels
- Cardiac muscles are involuntary and found in the heart
- Muscles are composed of muscle fibers, which contain muscle cells and myofibrils
Circulatory System
- Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products
- Regulates body temperature through the circulation of blood
- Comprises the heart, arteries, veins, and blood vessels
- The heart pumps blood, while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
- Blood vessels, including capillaries, arterioles, and venules, facilitate the exchange of oxygen and nutrients
- Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Nervous System
- Controls and coordinates body functions, interprets and responds to sensory information
- Regulates body temperature through the autonomic nervous system
- Comprises the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of nerves and ganglia
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions
- Neurons transmit and process signals through dendrites, cell bodies, axons, and synapses
Respiratory System
- Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
- Regulates pH levels through the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Comprises the nose and mouth, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm
- Air enters the body through the nose and mouth, passes through the trachea and bronchi, and reaches the lungs
- The lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through external respiration
- The diaphragm separates the chest and abdominal cavities and facilitates breathing through inspiration and expiration
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
- Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, allowing selective movement of substances in and out of the cell
- Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that provides mechanical support and medium for metabolic reactions
- Nucleus contains DNA, the genetic material that controls cell growth and reproduction
- Mitochondria produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport, and can be either rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes)
- Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, translating mRNA into polypeptide chains
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances
- Golgi apparatus modifies and transports proteins and lipids synthesized by the ER
Cell Functions
- Metabolism involves the breakdown and synthesis of organic molecules to maintain cellular energy and function
- Growth and development involve the increase in cell size and number, and are regulated by hormones and growth factors
- Response to stimuli involves the detection and response to changes in the environment, such as light, temperature, and touch
- Reproduction involves the division of cells to form new cells, and can be either mitotic (somatic cells) or meiotic (gametes)
- Death involves the regulated destruction of cells, which can be either apoptosis (programmed cell death) or necrosis (unprogrammed cell death)
Skeletal System
Functions
- Support provides a framework for the body, allowing for movement and protection of internal organs
- Protection involves the encasing of internal organs, such as the brain and heart, in a protective cage of bone
- Movement involves the attachment of muscles to bones, allowing for movement and locomotion
- Blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow, which produces red and white blood cells
- Calcium and phosphorus storage involves the deposition of these minerals in bone tissue, maintaining strong bones and teeth
Bone Structure
- Compact bone is dense and compact, providing strength and protection
- Cancellous bone is spongy and porous, providing support and reducing weight
- Periosteum is the outer layer of bone tissue, providing a surface for muscle attachment
- Endosteum is the inner layer of bone tissue, providing a surface for bone marrow
- Bone marrow is the spongy tissue within bones, responsible for blood cell production
Joints
- Synovial joints allow for free movement and are found in the shoulders, elbows, and knees
- Cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage and allow for limited movement
- Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and allow for limited movement
- Joints provide support, reduce friction, and allow for movement
Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain is the control center of the body, integrating and processing information
- Spinal cord extends from the brain down to the lower back, transmitting messages between the brain and peripheral nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary motor functions, such as movement and muscle contraction
- Autonomic nervous system is responsible for involuntary functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing
- Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and transmit signals to the CNS
Neurons
- Structure consists of a cell body, dendrites, axon, and terminal buttons
- Function involves the transmission of signals between neurons, integrating and processing information
Synapses
- Chemical synapses involve the release of neurotransmitters from the terminal buttons, which bind to receptors on adjacent neurons
- Electrical synapses involve the direct transmission of electrical signals between neurons, through gap junctions
Muscular System
Muscle Types
- Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that attach to bones, providing movement and locomotion
- Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the digestive tract and blood vessels
- Cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle found in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body
Muscle Functions
- Movement involves the contraction of skeletal muscles to move bones
- Support involves the contraction of smooth muscles to support organs
- Blood circulation involves the contraction of cardiac muscle to pump blood throughout the body
Muscle Physiology
- Contraction involves the shortening of muscle fibers, resulting in muscle movement
- Relaxation involves the lengthening of muscle fibers, resulting in muscle relaxation
- Twitch involves the rapid contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers, resulting in muscle movement
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Description
Test your knowledge of the skeletal system's functions, components, and types of bones. Learn about the roles of bones, joints, ligaments, and tendons in the human body.
