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Questions and Answers
Thomas Hobbes believed that natural rights are superior to positive rights.
Thomas Hobbes believed that natural rights are superior to positive rights.
False
Machiavelli's teachings suggested that the stability of a state can be achieved without considering the morality of actions.
Machiavelli's teachings suggested that the stability of a state can be achieved without considering the morality of actions.
True
Machiavelli directly stated that 'the end justifies the means' in his writings.
Machiavelli directly stated that 'the end justifies the means' in his writings.
False
According to Machiavelli, laws are unnecessary if human beings are inherently good.
According to Machiavelli, laws are unnecessary if human beings are inherently good.
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Machiavelli's definition of fortune pertains to the unpredictability that a ruler must account for.
Machiavelli's definition of fortune pertains to the unpredictability that a ruler must account for.
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Machiavelli argued that being both feared and loved is essential for an effective ruler.
Machiavelli argued that being both feared and loved is essential for an effective ruler.
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The notion that human beings are wolves to one another originated with Machiavelli.
The notion that human beings are wolves to one another originated with Machiavelli.
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The Lomé Convention was renewed in 1977 with a strong emphasis on basic human rights.
The Lomé Convention was renewed in 1977 with a strong emphasis on basic human rights.
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Claude Cheysson suggested including only Articles 3 and 5 of the UDHR in the renewal of the Lomé Convention.
Claude Cheysson suggested including only Articles 3 and 5 of the UDHR in the renewal of the Lomé Convention.
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The European Community expressed a significant need to incorporate human rights into its development policies from its inception in 1957.
The European Community expressed a significant need to incorporate human rights into its development policies from its inception in 1957.
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The case of Stauder v. City of Ulm in 1969 was significant for establishing the role of fundamental human rights within the EEC.
The case of Stauder v. City of Ulm in 1969 was significant for establishing the role of fundamental human rights within the EEC.
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The ACP countries unanimously agreed to include a specific article on human rights in the Lomé Convention.
The ACP countries unanimously agreed to include a specific article on human rights in the Lomé Convention.
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Nazi Germany fully explains the attention human rights attracted post-World War II.
Nazi Germany fully explains the attention human rights attracted post-World War II.
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The concept of human rights emerged significantly after the 17th and 18th centuries.
The concept of human rights emerged significantly after the 17th and 18th centuries.
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The year 1945 is described as a continuation of the so-called 'European era' regarding human rights.
The year 1945 is described as a continuation of the so-called 'European era' regarding human rights.
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European nations recognized human rights only after they faced the conditions of being subjects post-World War II.
European nations recognized human rights only after they faced the conditions of being subjects post-World War II.
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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1946.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted in 1946.
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Eleanor Roosevelt served as president of the UDHR Commission after the death of her husband.
Eleanor Roosevelt served as president of the UDHR Commission after the death of her husband.
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The UDHR is considered a legally binding treaty.
The UDHR is considered a legally binding treaty.
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The UDHR aimed to respect differences in cultures and languages while proclaiming a common standard of achievement.
The UDHR aimed to respect differences in cultures and languages while proclaiming a common standard of achievement.
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The representatives in the UDHR Commission were fully representative of global cultures.
The representatives in the UDHR Commission were fully representative of global cultures.
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Questions around the protection and enforcement of human rights significantly arose due to the nature of the UDHR.
Questions around the protection and enforcement of human rights significantly arose due to the nature of the UDHR.
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Pacifism emerged as a recognized human right during the First World War.
Pacifism emerged as a recognized human right during the First World War.
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The League of Nations explicitly included human rights in its founding treaty.
The League of Nations explicitly included human rights in its founding treaty.
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The definition of human rights was provided by an international organization in the early 20th century.
The definition of human rights was provided by an international organization in the early 20th century.
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Self-determination was largely ignored in discussions about human rights in the early 20th century.
Self-determination was largely ignored in discussions about human rights in the early 20th century.
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Human rights did not gain significant attention until after World War II.
Human rights did not gain significant attention until after World War II.
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The first half of the 20th century was crucial for the evolution of human rights concepts.
The first half of the 20th century was crucial for the evolution of human rights concepts.
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In 1945, human rights were a minor topic at the San Francisco conference.
In 1945, human rights were a minor topic at the San Francisco conference.
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The idea of protecting individuals as part of groups was first introduced by the League of Nations.
The idea of protecting individuals as part of groups was first introduced by the League of Nations.
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The French and US declarations provided a clear definition of human rights.
The French and US declarations provided a clear definition of human rights.
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The European Court of Human Rights is located in Brussels.
The European Court of Human Rights is located in Brussels.
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According to Article 34 of the European Convention, a case can only be heard at the ECHR if remedies in domestic courts have been exhausted.
According to Article 34 of the European Convention, a case can only be heard at the ECHR if remedies in domestic courts have been exhausted.
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95 percent of applications to the ECHR are deemed admissible.
95 percent of applications to the ECHR are deemed admissible.
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The European Coal and Steel Community first addressed human rights in its founding documents.
The European Coal and Steel Community first addressed human rights in its founding documents.
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In cases where judges of the ECHR identify a violation, the execution of the judgment is optional for the state.
In cases where judges of the ECHR identify a violation, the execution of the judgment is optional for the state.
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Berlusconi's case was found admissible by the ECHR based on human rights violations.
Berlusconi's case was found admissible by the ECHR based on human rights violations.
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The EEC included human rights protections in its founding treaty in 1957.
The EEC included human rights protections in its founding treaty in 1957.
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Re-examination of cases at the ECHR can take place if judges decide there is a violation.
Re-examination of cases at the ECHR can take place if judges decide there is a violation.
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Italy was found guilty by the ECHR for insufficient actions during a shipwreck incident.
Italy was found guilty by the ECHR for insufficient actions during a shipwreck incident.
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The failure of the European Defence Community in 1954 prompted the inclusion of human rights in later treaties.
The failure of the European Defence Community in 1954 prompted the inclusion of human rights in later treaties.
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Study Notes
Human Rights Overview
- Human rights relate to the protections and definitions outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This document establishes basic rights for all people.
- The UDHR is the first comprehensive document recognized globally, shaping the understanding of human rights.
- Defining human rights encompasses disagreements regarding its nature, meaning, scope, and four key issues.
- Basic rights focus on immediate necessities (e.g., sustenance, water). Human rights, by contrast, are constantly expanding to encompass new factors.
- Controversies relating to human rights include special interests versus common interests and political tools of elites in contrast to the common good. Furthermore, many argue the West utilizes human rights as a tool for economic imperialism.
- The Council of Europe is an international organization that champions human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe.
Ancient Greece
- Sophocles' Antigone is considered the first indication of human rights.
- Antigone's act of defiance against Creon's decree, through burying her brother, represented clash between state authority and the right of the individual. This showcases moral belief over state law.
Ancient Rome
- Roman law contained limited elements of human rights given the lack of rights for slaves.
Christianity
- Natural rights (moral rights) are distinct from positive rights (institutionalized rights, needing action).
- The powerful influence of Christianity in Europe led to the development of moral laws incorporated into institutional law (e.g., Edict of Milan).
Middle Ages
- The Magna Carta (1215) granted rights to certain individuals, primarily wealthy free men, but not commoners.
- The Renaissance marked a return to humanist study where the concept of "being human" was central to knowledge.
17th Century
- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): He believed human beings are naturally selfish and prone to violence, therefore needing a strong sovereign (ruler) to control their behaviour. His perspective on human nature, and his role in establishing the concept of a state to avoid a "state of nature" influenced the concept of rights and the need for law. His theories posited a surrender of natural rights for security.
- Niccolò Machiavelli: He wrote The Prince (circa 1513), in which he argued that rulers must prioritize the security of the state, even if that means using morally questionable tactics. He is highly debated today, for his views on human nature and state building, however, his perspective included the concept of the stability of a state.
18th Century
- John Locke (1632-1704): He championed natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and the idea that government should be based on consent. He thought that citizens had the right to rebel against a government that violates their natural rights, which was a significant shift in the concept of the role of the state.
17th & 18th Centuries
- The idea of rights as belonging to individuals emerges, differing from the emphasis on group rights in earlier periods.
- Ideas of fundamental human rights emerge as something separate from social status and existing obligations.
19th Century
- The growing awareness of human rights and their relevance extends to group rights.
- Groups advocate for the abolition of slavery.
- Universal Declaration of the Rights of Women and Female Citizens (1791) by Marie Gouze.
20th Century
- The 20th century became hugely significant in human rights, marking a key turning point in establishing the modern understanding of human rights within international law.
- The creation of the League of Nations led to discussion of rights for individuals, although human rights were not a focal point of the initial agreements or stated goals.
- The concept of human rights was established in the first half of the 20th Century, as a result of the World Wars and the atrocities committed by states and political actors, such as Nazi Germany.
- Human rights issues emerged from the Second World War. The horrors of war highlighted the need for systems to prevent similar atrocities from occurring. This need for protection translated into the development of rights and protections. This need for rights became significant during the global conflicts and after.
1970s
- The 1970s underscored that the notion of human rights developed and changed with time.
- There is a debate regarding the use of human rights as a tool to promote various international agendas such as economic gains or political objectives.
- The Helsinki Accords (1975) highlighted the importance of human rights and cooperation among countries, marking a notable turning point in the international development of human rights.
Human Rights in Contemporary Context
- There are various criticisms of the way human rights are applied and treated by various international actors.
European Union & Human Rights
- The European Court of Justice began to apply inherent human rights into the developing body of EU law.
- The EU's internal policies and international relations have been influenced by concerns around human rights.
- The EU's approach towards human rights in relation to countries seeking affiliation in the EU has become a key turning point in EU legal and political thought and application.
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Description
This quiz explores the essentials of human rights as defined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Delve into the complexities surrounding the nature and scope of human rights, as well as the controversies and political implications associated with them. Learn about key organizations, such as the Council of Europe, and their role in promoting democracy and human rights.
