Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which period is considered to have provided the immediate context for the development of the idea of human rights?
Which period is considered to have provided the immediate context for the development of the idea of human rights?
- The Roman Empire
- Late Antiquity
- Early Modern Era (correct)
- The Medieval Era
What significant shift occurred in Europe as a result of the Edict of Thessalonica?
What significant shift occurred in Europe as a result of the Edict of Thessalonica?
- The Catholic Church lost all its power.
- The Roman Empire was divided into two.
- Europe became a religiously diverse space.
- Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire. (correct)
In the Edict of Thessalonica, what term was used to describe those who did not adhere to the established Christian doctrine?
In the Edict of Thessalonica, what term was used to describe those who did not adhere to the established Christian doctrine?
- Heretics (correct)
- Schismatics
- Apostates
- Pagans
Who were the principal figures involved in issuing the Edict of Thessalonica?
Who were the principal figures involved in issuing the Edict of Thessalonica?
According to the Edict, whose teachings did the state-sanctioned religion claim to follow?
According to the Edict, whose teachings did the state-sanctioned religion claim to follow?
What was the primary purpose of 'letters of indulgence'?
What was the primary purpose of 'letters of indulgence'?
How did the invention of the printing press impact the sale of indulgences?
How did the invention of the printing press impact the sale of indulgences?
What was the role of Johann Tetzel in the sale of indulgences?
What was the role of Johann Tetzel in the sale of indulgences?
According to the EIU's criteria, what is a primary distinction between a 'flawed democracy' and a 'hybrid regime'?
According to the EIU's criteria, what is a primary distinction between a 'flawed democracy' and a 'hybrid regime'?
Which of the following best characterizes the judiciary in an 'authoritarian regime' according to the EIU’s framework?
Which of the following best characterizes the judiciary in an 'authoritarian regime' according to the EIU’s framework?
What did Pope Leo X seek to achieve by issuing a new 'mega' indulgence in 1516?
What did Pope Leo X seek to achieve by issuing a new 'mega' indulgence in 1516?
What was the main criticism against Johann Tetzel's practices?
What was the main criticism against Johann Tetzel's practices?
What is a key difference in media operation between 'flawed democracies' and 'authoritarian regimes,' as defined by the EIU?
What is a key difference in media operation between 'flawed democracies' and 'authoritarian regimes,' as defined by the EIU?
According to the criteria of EIU, which of these is MOST likely observed in an ‘authoritarian regime’?
According to the criteria of EIU, which of these is MOST likely observed in an ‘authoritarian regime’?
What does the content suggest as a key question when considering 'rights and liberties' in the context of a healthy democratic state?
What does the content suggest as a key question when considering 'rights and liberties' in the context of a healthy democratic state?
Which of the following is a characteristic of how 'elections' are conducted in a 'hybrid regime' according to EIU?
Which of the following is a characteristic of how 'elections' are conducted in a 'hybrid regime' according to EIU?
Which of these reflects the EIU’s stance on the relationship between ‘rights and liberties’ and democratic governments?
Which of these reflects the EIU’s stance on the relationship between ‘rights and liberties’ and democratic governments?
Based on EIU's criteria, where would one most likely observe 'sham elections'?
Based on EIU's criteria, where would one most likely observe 'sham elections'?
What was the primary consequence for the Roman Church after Emperor Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople?
What was the primary consequence for the Roman Church after Emperor Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople?
What was the principle of 'the Pentarchy' in the early Christian Church?
What was the principle of 'the Pentarchy' in the early Christian Church?
Which of the following were roles within the traditional ecclesiastical hierarchy?
Which of the following were roles within the traditional ecclesiastical hierarchy?
What role did deacons play in the early Christian Church?
What role did deacons play in the early Christian Church?
What does the term 'episkopos' refer to in the context of the early Christian Church?
What does the term 'episkopos' refer to in the context of the early Christian Church?
What is the significance of the 'Eucharist'?
What is the significance of the 'Eucharist'?
What is meant by the concept of a 'homogenous Christian space' as discussed in the text?
What is meant by the concept of a 'homogenous Christian space' as discussed in the text?
What does the phrase, 'the chastisement of the divine condemnation' most likely refer to within the context of the provided quote?
What does the phrase, 'the chastisement of the divine condemnation' most likely refer to within the context of the provided quote?
According to Pope Innocent III's analogy, what is the relationship between papal authority and royal power?
According to Pope Innocent III's analogy, what is the relationship between papal authority and royal power?
What is the primary function of Purgatory, according to the text?
What is the primary function of Purgatory, according to the text?
What does the concept of 'fullness of power' refer to in the context of the Pope?
What does the concept of 'fullness of power' refer to in the context of the Pope?
Which of the following is an example of a type of soul that might end up in Purgatory, according to the text?
Which of the following is an example of a type of soul that might end up in Purgatory, according to the text?
What power did the Roman popes gradually accumulate that set them apart from their counterparts in the East?
What power did the Roman popes gradually accumulate that set them apart from their counterparts in the East?
Why does the text mention praying for the souls of the departed in relation to the concept of Purgatory?
Why does the text mention praying for the souls of the departed in relation to the concept of Purgatory?
What role did Roman popes play in the crowning of monarchs?
What role did Roman popes play in the crowning of monarchs?
What is the nature of the sins that lead souls to Purgatory?
What is the nature of the sins that lead souls to Purgatory?
What was Martin Luther's initial intention when composing the 95 Theses?
What was Martin Luther's initial intention when composing the 95 Theses?
Which action by Pope Leo X directly led to Luther's excommunication?
Which action by Pope Leo X directly led to Luther's excommunication?
What was the primary significance of the princes' 'protest' in 1529?
What was the primary significance of the princes' 'protest' in 1529?
According to Luther's theses, what was a better act than purchasing indulgences?
According to Luther's theses, what was a better act than purchasing indulgences?
What was the long-term, broad effect of the events initiated by Luther's actions?
What was the long-term, broad effect of the events initiated by Luther's actions?
What action did Luther take after receiving Exsurge Domine?
What action did Luther take after receiving Exsurge Domine?
What factor allowed Luther to avoid being immediately punished as a heretic?
What factor allowed Luther to avoid being immediately punished as a heretic?
What was the key point of disagreement between Luther and the Catholic Church regarding indulgences?
What was the key point of disagreement between Luther and the Catholic Church regarding indulgences?
Which is an example of another religious reformer who followed Luther’s example, during the 16th Century?
Which is an example of another religious reformer who followed Luther’s example, during the 16th Century?
What new type of conflict emerged in Europe as a result of the Reformation?
What new type of conflict emerged in Europe as a result of the Reformation?
Flashcards
Full Democracies
Full Democracies
Governments that respect civil liberties, political freedoms, and have effective checks and balances.
Flawed Democracies
Flawed Democracies
Elections are fair, but civil liberties face minor infringements and other democratic problems exist.
Hybrid Regimes
Hybrid Regimes
Governments with electoral fraud, pressure on opposition, and limited political culture and participation.
Authoritarian Regimes
Authoritarian Regimes
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Civil Liberties
Civil Liberties
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Political Freedoms
Political Freedoms
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Checks and Balances
Checks and Balances
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Breach of Civil Liberties
Breach of Civil Liberties
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Early Modernity
Early Modernity
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Edict of Thessalonica
Edict of Thessalonica
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Homogenous Christian Space
Homogenous Christian Space
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Theodosius I
Theodosius I
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Human Rights Emergence
Human Rights Emergence
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Papal Authority
Papal Authority
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Royal Power
Royal Power
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Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III
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Purgatory
Purgatory
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Temporal Punishment
Temporal Punishment
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Minor Sins
Minor Sins
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Dante's Purgatory
Dante's Purgatory
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Prayer for Souls
Prayer for Souls
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Ecclesiastical Hierarchy
Ecclesiastical Hierarchy
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Laity
Laity
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Clergy
Clergy
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Body of Christ
Body of Christ
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Pentarchy
Pentarchy
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Bishop of Rome
Bishop of Rome
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Constantinople
Constantinople
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Patriarchs
Patriarchs
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95 Theses
95 Theses
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Indulgences
Indulgences
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Martin Luther
Martin Luther
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Excommunication
Excommunication
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Frederick the Wise
Frederick the Wise
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Protestants
Protestants
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Reformation
Reformation
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Luther's Thesis N41
Luther's Thesis N41
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Hyperconsequential
Hyperconsequential
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Letters of Indulgence
Letters of Indulgence
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Purgatorial Punishments
Purgatorial Punishments
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Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X
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Johann Tetzel
Johann Tetzel
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Mega Indulgence
Mega Indulgence
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Study Notes
Transformations of Early Modernity: Part 1/3 - Religion
- Early Modernity, roughly spanning 1500-1800, saw significant transformations in Europe, including a major shift in religious landscape.
- Europe was once a largely homogenous Christian space. The Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD solidified Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire.
- The structure of this space had a hierarchical structure involving laity (ordinary believers), clergy (ecclesiastical officials like deacons, priests, and bishops), and sacraments. Important church centers were established, leading to the concept of the Pentarchy (the five major patriarchal sees).
- Over time, a strong centralized role for the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) developed, eventually claiming authority over both church and state affairs.
- The concept of Purgatory, a transitional place for those who died with minor sins, became part of Roman Catholic practice.
- The sale of indulgences, certificates offering forgiveness of sins in exchange for money, became a significant practice in the church. Pope Leo X commissioned the sale of indulgences to fund the building of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, with agents like Johann Tetzel leading the effort.
- The sale of indulgences and the activities of Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, led to criticism from Martin Luther, a professor at the University of Wittenberg. Luther's criticism resulted in the posting of his 95 Theses in 1517.
- Luther's 95 Theses, a series of statements challenging certain practices of the Catholic Church, sparked a major religious division in Europe.
- The ideas expressed by Luther's 95 Theses were met with resistance by the Pope, which led to an escalating religious split into a Roman Catholic section and a Protestant section, generating numerous wars throughout Europe.
- Luther's actions, hardening his stance and attracting followers, led to his excommunication.
- The result of the disagreement was the Reformation, a pivotal moment in European history, separating the Christian West, producing a major shift in religious landscape of Europe. New branches of Christianity arose, each with their own beliefs and practices.
Additional Reformers
- Other important reformers in Europe's religious transformation included Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, Henry VIII (founder of the Anglican Church), and John Knox.
- These figures' actions and movements had a significant impact on the religious landscape and helped to form and strengthen new denominations.
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