15 Questions
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after expiration is known as the ______ Volume.
Residual
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath is known as the ______ Capacity.
Vital
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation is known as the ______ Reserve Volume.
Expiratory
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the lungs after a normal inhalation is known as the ______ Reserve Volume.
Inspiratory
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath is known as the ______ Volume.
Tidal
Approximately 1.2 liters of air remains in the lungs after expiration in healthy adults, which is known as the ______ Volume.
Residual
Antigens are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of antibodies.
False
Blood group antigens are responsible for triggering an immune response in the recipient's plasma.
True
Type and cross-match is a process of identifying the donor's blood type and testing compatibility with the recipient's blood.
False
Hemolytic transfusion reaction occurs when compatible blood is transfused.
False
Fever, chills, and nausea are symptoms of a hemolytic transfusion reaction.
True
Major incompatibility occurs between A/B antibodies in the donor's plasma and A/B antigens on the recipient's red blood cells.
False
Screening tests are used to detect A/B antibodies in the donor's plasma.
False
Cross-matching is the final check for compatibility between the recipient's blood and the donor's blood.
True
Minor incompatibility occurs between A/B antigen on the donor's red blood cells and A/B antibodies in the recipient's plasma.
False
Study Notes
Lung Volumes and Capacity
Residual Volume (RV)
- The volume of air remaining in the lungs after expiration
- Approximately 1.2 liters in healthy adults
- Cannot be measured directly, calculated by subtracting Expiratory Reserve Volume from Functional Residual Capacity
Vital Capacity (VC)
- The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath
- Approximately 4.8 liters in healthy adults
- Calculated by adding Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Tidal Volume, and Expiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation
- Approximately 1.2 liters in healthy adults
- Measured by exhaling as much air as possible after a normal breath
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the lungs after a normal inhalation
- Approximately 3.2 liters in healthy adults
- Measured by inhaling as much air as possible after a normal breath
Tidal Volume (TV)
- The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath
- Approximately 0.5 liters in healthy adults
- Measured during quiet breathing
Lung Volumes and Capacity
Residual Volume (RV)
- Remaining air in the lungs after expiration, approximately 1.2 liters in healthy adults
- Calculated by subtracting Expiratory Reserve Volume from Functional Residual Capacity
Vital Capacity (VC)
- Maximum amount of air exhaled from the lungs after a deep breath, approximately 4.8 liters in healthy adults
- Calculated by adding Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Tidal Volume, and Expiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- Maximum amount of air exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation, approximately 1.2 liters in healthy adults
- Measured by exhaling as much air as possible after a normal breath
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- Maximum amount of air inhaled from the lungs after a normal inhalation, approximately 3.2 liters in healthy adults
- Measured by inhaling as much air as possible after a normal breath
Tidal Volume (TV)
- Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath, approximately 0.5 liters in healthy adults
- Measured during quiet breathing
Antigens and Antibodies
- Antigens are substances that trigger an immune response, leading to antibody production.
- Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigen presence.
Blood Group Antigens
- Blood group antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells, triggering an immune response.
ABO Blood Group System
- A and B antigens are present on red blood cells, triggering an immune response.
- A and B antibodies are present in plasma, reacting with A and B antigens, respectively.
Blood Transfusion Reactions
- Type and cross-match involves identifying the recipient's blood type and testing compatibility with the donor's blood to prevent reactions.
- Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur when incompatible blood is transfused, leading to red blood cell destruction.
- Symptoms of hemolytic transfusion reactions include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, flank pain, and in severe cases, acute kidney failure and death.
Incompatible Transfusions
- Major incompatibility occurs when A/B antigens on donor red blood cells react with A/B antibodies in the recipient's plasma.
- Minor incompatibility occurs when antibodies in the donor's plasma react with antigens on the recipient's red blood cells.
Prevention of Transfusion Reactions
- Screening tests detect unexpected antibodies in the recipient's plasma.
- Cross-matching is a final compatibility check between the donor's blood and the recipient's blood.
Test your knowledge of lung volumes and capacities, including residual volume and vital capacity. Learn about the different types of lung volumes and how they are calculated.
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