Human Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the terminal bronchioles?

  • Air passage without gas exchange (correct)
  • Gas exchange
  • Filtration of air
  • Warming of inspired air

    • Which structure is directly responsible for preventing foreign objects from entering the trachea?

  • Bronchi
  • Glottis
  • Larynx (correct)
  • Pharynx

    • What procedure involves inserting a tube into the trachea to ensure continued breathing?

  • Laryngoscopy
  • Tracheostomy (correct)
  • Tracheotomy
  • Bronchoscopy

    • Which of the following is NOT a part of the conducting zone?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average temperature of inspired air when it reaches the respiratory zone?

    <p>37° C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the larynx is prominently visible on the exterior of the throat?

    <p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is continuous with the primary bronchi?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT provided by the conducting zone structures?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily induces air movement into and out of the lungs?

    <p>Pressure differences induced by lung volume changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical property of the lungs is NOT mentioned as influencing ventilation?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does airflow through bronchioles relate to pressure difference and frictional resistance?

    <p>Airflow is directly proportional to pressure difference and inversely proportional to frictional resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fluid in the intrapleural space?

    <p>To act as a lubricant for lung movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during inspiration regarding intrapulmonary pressure?

    <p>It must decrease below atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a subatmospheric pressure refer to during lung function?

    <p>Pressure that is lower than atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during expiration concerning intrapulmonary pressure?

    <p>It is greater than atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the intrapleural space?

    <p>It becomes a real space only if the lungs collapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Boyle's Law describe the relationship between lung volume and intrapulmonary pressure?

    <p>Pressure decreases as volume decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lung compliance a measure of?

    <p>The ease of lung expansion under pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is caused when air enters the intrapleural space, leading to lung collapse?

    <p>Atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decrease in lung volume do to intrapulmonary pressure?

    <p>It raises intrapulmonary pressure above atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of lung tissue contributes primarily to its elasticity?

    <p>Elastin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lungs during inspiration in regards to elastic tension?

    <p>They are stretched, increasing elastic tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does pulmonary fibrosis have on lung compliance?

    <p>Decreases lung compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of lung tissue being stuck to the chest wall?

    <p>Always in a state of elastic tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation?

    <p>Vital capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volume of air cannot be expired even after a maximum forced expiration?

    <p>Residual volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the interchondral part of the internal intercostals?

    <p>Facilitate quiet respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the total minute volume be calculated?

    <p>Tidal volume multiplied by the number of breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional residual capacity composed of?

    <p>Residual volume and expiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if lung compliance decreases significantly?

    <p>Reduced surfactant levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During quiet breathing, where does the tidal volume inspiration begin?

    <p>At the functional residual capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total minute volume during quiet breathing?

    <p>6 L per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of excessive mucus production in smokers?

    <p>Increased severity of COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cigarette smoke contribute to lung damage in smokers?

    <p>By activating protein-digesting enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the remodelling of the small airways due to cigarette smoke cause?

    <p>Increased airflow obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between COPD and lung cancer risk?

    <p>Smoking is the major preventable cause of lung cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>The total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of its constituent pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cor pulmonale in the context of COPD?

    <p>Pulmonary hypertension with right ventricle failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected partial pressure of nitrogen in the atmosphere?

    <p>593 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current global ranking of COPD as a cause of death?

    <p>Fifth leading cause of death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the amount of gas dissolved in a fluid according to Henry's law?

    <p>Pressure of the gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical PO2 level in pulmonary veins and systemic arteries after gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the solubility of oxygen in plasma at a PO2 of 100 mmHg?

    <p>0.3 ml of O2 per 100 ml fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dissolved oxygen levels if the PO2 of the gas is halved?

    <p>Decreases by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood carries the majority of oxygen, influencing the PO2 measurement?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the significant variability in venous blood gas measurements indicate?

    <p>Dependence on current exercise intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of gases in fluids?

    <p>Decreases solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typical partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is found in systemic veins?

    <p>46 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system is an intricate system for gas exchange, facilitating oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.
    • The system includes the conducting airways (nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, and bronchioles), and the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs, in the alveoli.
    • The Anatomy of the thorax includes: The thoracic cage, Thoracic Wall and the Thoracic Cavity. The three internal compartments are the central mediastinum, Left pleural cavity (containing the left lung) and Right pleural cavity (containing the right lung).
    • The respiratory system is responsible for ensuring a continuous supply of oxygen to body tissues and removing the waste product carbon dioxide.

    Anatomy of the Airways

    • Upper Airways: Conducting air, warming, moistening, and filtering it. The upper airways contain the nose, pharynx, and larynx.
      • Mucosal lining filters particulate matter (debris and dust).
      • Warms incoming air.
      • Moistens incoming air.
    • Lower Airways: responsible for gas exchange. The lower airways include the trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
      • Trachea: a rigid tube that connects the pharynx to the bronchi.
      • Bronchi: The trachea branches into two bronchi, one for each lung.
      • Lungs: spongy, cone-shaped organs responsible for gas exchange.

    Anatomy of the Pharynx

    • Connects nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus.
    • Contains three parts based on location and function: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
    • Each section has a unique epithelial lining reflecting its function as both an airway and digestive tract.
      • Nasopharynx: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
      • Oropharynx: Stratified squamous epithelium
      • Laryngopharynx: Stratified squamous epithelium

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • Hollow air spaces within the skull.
    • Located in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
    • Continuous with the nasal cavity, enhancing the surface area for warming and moistening the inspired air.

    The Larynx

    • The larynx, also known as the voicebox, connects the pharynx to the trachea.
    • Cartilages that form the larynx (3 Unpaired, and 3 Paired).
      • Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis
      • Arytenoid, Cuneiform, Corinulate

    The Trachea

    • A flexible tube composed of C-shaped cartilage rings and smooth muscle, providing structure and flexibility.
    • Connects the larynx and the bronchi.
    • Begins at the level of C6 and bifurcates into the two primary bronchi at the level of T4.

    The Ribs

    • 12 pairs of ribs form the protective thoracic cage
    • 1-7 true ribs, 8-10 false ribs, 11-12 floating ribs
    • Differentiate based on attachment to sternum (direct/indirect).
    • Have a posterior end with head, neck and tubercle for ligament and vertebra attachment
    • Have an anterior end that connects to the sternum via costal cartilages

    Thoracic Wall (Muscular Component)

    • The thoracic wall comprises three layers of intercostal muscles (External, Internal & Innermost)
    • Responsible for breathing movements.
    • Supplied by anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
    • Blood supplied from Intercostal arteries.

    Conducting and Respiratory Zones

    • The conducting zone brings air to the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs.
    • Structures in the conducting zone include the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles.
    • The respiratory zone consists of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

    Alveoli

    • Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
    • The thin, single-cell-layered structure allows for efficient diffusion of gases across the membrane.

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Mechanics of breathing:
    • Pressure difference between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure drives air movement.
    • Muscles such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles change lung volume, and thus the pressure gradient, driving air flow.

    Physical Aspects of Ventilation

    • Compliance: The elasticity of the lung tissue.
    • Elasticity: The tendency of the lungs to recoil to their original state.
    • Surface tension: The force exerted by the thin fluid lining the alveoli that resists expansion.

    Intrapleural pressures

    • Fluid between the visceral and parietal pleurae to minimize friction during breathing due to continuous movement between the parietal and visceral
    • The intrapleural pressure is normally subatmospheric (-3 to -5mmHg), contributing to maintaining lung expansion.

    Pulmonary Function Tests

    • Techniques like spirometry assess lung function.
    • Various measurements involving measurement of breathing, volume and rate are recorded.

    Lung Volumes and Capacities

    • Various parameters such as tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume describe lung volumes.
    • Different combinations of volumes form lung capacities (e.g., inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity).

    Restrictive and Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

    • Restrictive Disorders reduce the vital capacity (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis)
    • Obstructive Disorders reduce expiratory flow rates (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). - Spirometry measures parameters like FEV1 to determine if a condition is restrictive or obstructive.

    Gas Exchange in the Lungs

    • Gas exchange occurs between alveolar air and pulmonary capillaries, driven by partial pressure differences.
    • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

    Factors Affecting Gas Exchange

    • Partial pressures: Drive the diffusion of gases.
    • Surface area: Larger surface area increases gas exchange.
    • Membrane thickness: Thinner membrane increases rate of diffusion.
    • Diffusion constant: Higher values increase gas diffusion rate.

    Haemoglobin & Oxygen Transport

    • Hemoglobin: A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.
    • Factors affecting hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen (e.g., pH, temperature, PCO2, 2,3-BPG).
    • Oxygen dissociation curve illustrating how oxygen binding to hemoglobin is affected by these factors.

    Effects of Blood PCO2 and pH on Ventilation

    • Chemoreceptors: Respond to changes in blood carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH.
    • Hypoventilation: Reduced ventilation leads to increased carbon dioxide, and reduced pH.
    • Hyperventilation: Increased ventilation results in decreased carbon dioxide and increased pH.

    Mechanisms of CO2 Transport

    • Dissolved: A small portion of CO2 is dissolved in plasma.
    • Bound to hemoglobin: CO2 combines with hemoglobin (forming carbaminohemoglobin).
    • Bicarbonate ion form: CO2 converted to bicarbonate ions in red blood cells for transport.

    Acid Production and Regulation

    • Body produces significant amounts of H⁺ ions daily.

    • Sources like aerobic metabolism, anaerobic glucose metabolism, and amino acid and fatty acid oxidation contribute.

    • Buffering systems: Bicarbonate, Phosphate, Protein buffer systems.

    • Physiological buffering: Through the lungs (excretion of CO2) and the kidneys (excretion of acids and reabsorption of bases).

    Additional Notes

    • This is a summary of the comprehensive information provided in the image set, covering various aspects of the respiratory system, including anatomy, physiology, and clinical applications.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the human respiratory system and its functions with this comprehensive quiz. Questions cover various aspects such as the conducting zone, anatomical structures, and respiratory mechanics. Perfect for biology students or anyone interested in respiratory health.

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