Human Respiratory System Quiz

Respiratory System

• The pitch of the voice is influenced by the structure of the larynx; shorter and thinner configurations produce high pitch, while thicker and longer ones yield low pitch.
• The trachea, or windpipe, connects the larynx to the bronchi and divides into right and left bronchi at the mediastinum.
• Internal respiration occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with lung capillaries.
• Lungs consist of right and left lobes, covered by a double membrane (parietal pleura on the outer side and visceral pleura on the inner side), with the pleural cavity in between.
• The respiratory cycle includes one inhalation and one exhalation, facilitating the passage of air from the environment to lung capillaries and back out.

Circulatory System

• Also known as the cardiovascular system, it nourishes cells with nutrients and oxygen while removing waste products.
• Functions include transporting oxygen, glucose, nutrients, carbon dioxide, water, and waste products; regulating body temperature; and protecting against infections with antibodies.
• The heart pumps blood, with deoxygenated blood moving from the heart to the lungs via pulmonary arteries, and oxygenated blood returning through pulmonary veins to the heart.
• Blood flows under high pressure from the heart to the body through the aorta.

Pathologies of Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

• Upper respiratory infections affect parts of the respiratory tract.
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) includes conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis, characterized by obstructed airways.
• Asthma leads to narrowed bronchi, resulting in symptoms like wheezing and dyspnea.
• Cystic fibrosis results in thick mucus due to problems in the exocrine glands, causing chronic obstruction.
• Pneumonia is an acute infection of the alveoli; atelectasis refers to collapsed alveoli.
• Environmental conditions, such as pneumoconiosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, and silicosis, cause lung diseases from inhaled particles.
• Disorders of the pleura include pneumothorax (air in pleural cavity), empyema (pus), hemothorax (blood), and pleural effusion (fluid).

Surgical Terms

• Otorhinolaryngologists specialize in upper respiratory disorders and perform surgeries like tonsillectomy, laryngectomy, and pneumonectomy.
• Surgical procedures involve different incisions, such as thoracotomy and tracheotomy.
• Endotracheal intubation secures an airway through the trachea.

Pharmacology

• Respiratory disorders often require antibiotics, antihistamines, and anticoagulants.
• Bronchodilators expand bronchial walls, while expectorants promote mucus expulsion.
• Mechanical devices include ventilators for patients unable to breathe and nebulizers for medication delivery.

Heredity and Inheritance

• Gregor Mendel’s principles underpin heredity; chromosome theory associates traits with specific chromosomes, with exceptions to Mendelian laws regarding dominant and recessive alleles.
• Alleles are different gene forms; Punnett squares help predict potential genotypes and phenotypes.
• Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype, whereas codominance involves expression of both alleles.
• DNA consists of nucleotide chains, with complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, guanine with cytosine) forming its structure.

Biodiversity and Evolution

• Ecosystems consist of interdependent populations; loss of a species can lead to irreversible ecosystem changes.
• Biodiversity refers to species variety; ecosystems with high diversity are more resilient to environmental changes.
• Population density impacts ecosystem balance; limiting factors prevent overpopulation (e.g., food, water).
• Carrying capacity is the maximum population size supported by an environment; exceeding this leads to population decline.
• Human activities like deforestation cause habitat loss and increased extinction rates; examples of endangered species include the Tamaraw and Dugong.

Photosynthesis

• Leaves have upper/lower epidermis (protective layers), mesophyll (rich in chloroplasts for photosynthesis), and vascular bundles (transport water and nutrients).
• Chloroplasts contain thylakoids, where chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis, primarily capturing red and blue wavelengths, reflecting green.
• Two stages of photosynthesis include:
  • Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes, converting light energy to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) using water.
  • The Calvin cycle operates in the stroma, converting carbon dioxide into glucose.