Human Respiratory System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic accurately describes olfactory sensory cells?

Are unipolar neurons.

Are associated with odour specific receptors. (correct)

Have axonal processes confined to the epithelium surface.

Contain yellowish pigment responsible for coloration.

What separates the lamina propria of the trachea from the submucosa?

A band of elastic fibro cartilage.

A C-shaped ring of hyaline cartilage.

A complete layer of smooth muscle fibers.

A band of condensed fibro-elastic membrane. (correct)

What is the primary cellular structure found in the olfactory epithelium?

Columnar ciliated cells.

Large venous plexuses.

Olfactory hairs. (correct)

Ciliated goblet cells.

Which feature is NOT typically associated with the respiratory epithelium?

Bowman’s glands. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the trachea's structure is accurate?

It possesses a mucosa layer with ciliated epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells act as a stem cell for other cells in the respiratory epithelium?

Basal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the trachea contains mucoserous tracheal glands?

Submucosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Bowman's glands in the corium?

Support olfactory function Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium covers the superior surfaces of the epiglottis?

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Nasal cavities Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for producing a secretion of lower viscosity than mucus?

Serous cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anterior portion of the nasal cavities (Vestibule)?

Filtration of inspired air Signup and view all the answers

What feature provides structural support to the wall of the trachea?

Hyaline cartilage rings Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the respiratory epithelium is considered to be a sensory receptor?

Brush cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium lines the olfactory area in the nasal cavities?

Pseudo-stratified neuroepithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are involved in the filtration process in the nasal cavities?

Goblet cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the wall of the larynx?

Dense fibrous tissue Signup and view all the answers

What kind of epithelium covers the respiratory area of the nasal cavities?

Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type in the olfactory area is primarily responsible for detecting odors?

Olfactory cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do the large venous plexuses in the nasal cavities play?

Heating and humidifying inspired air Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

Delivery of oxygen to the blood Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System Division

The respiratory system is divided into conducting and respiratory portions
The conducting portion includes the nasal cavities, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and lung alveoli
The conducting portion does not allow for gas exchange
Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory portion

Nasal Cavities

The nasal cavities are divided into the anterior portion (vestibule) and the posterior portion
The anterior portion is lined with modified skin, comprised of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium and dermis with sweat and sebaceous glands
The posterior portion contains the respiratory and olfactory areas
The anterior portion filters inspired air from dust particles
The posterior portion is lined by a mucous membrane, consisting of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells resting on a basement membrane
The corium is a dense fibro-elastic connective tissue

Olfactory Area

The olfactory area features a pseudostratified neuroepithelium
The olfactory epithelium consists of three cell types: sustentacular (supporting) cells, olfactory cells, and basal cells
Sustentacular cells are columnar, possess microvilli, and contain a light-yellow pigment that gives olfactory mucosa its color
Olfactory cells are bipolar neurons with dendrites extending towards the surface and forming olfactory hair vesicles containing cilia
Basal cells are small, pyramidal cells that act as stem cells
The corium is dense fibro-elastic tissue, highly vascular, and contains tubulo-alveolar glands (Bowman's glands) that secrete serous fluid

Larynx

The larynx is kept open by hyaline cartilages (thyroid and cricoid) and elastic cartilages (epiglottis, corniculate, and cuneiform)
The larynx is lined by respiratory epithelium, except for the superior surfaces of the epiglottis and vocal cords, which are lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Trachea

The trachea starts at the end of the larynx and ends by dividing into two bronchi
The tracheal wall consists of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, fibro-cartilaginous coat, and adventitia
The mucosa features pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells resting on a basement membrane, a thin corium rich in elastic fibers, and a submucosa with tracheal glands
The fibro-cartilaginous coat is composed of 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage embedded in connective tissue
The adventitia is formed of connective tissue

Respiratory Epithelium Cells

The respiratory epithelium is comprised of several cell types: ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, serous cells, brush cells, neuroendocrine cells, and migratory cells
Ciliated cells are columnar ciliated cells that beat towards the larynx
Goblet cells contain mucinogen granules and produce mucus
Basal cells act as reserve stem cells for ciliated and goblet cells
Serous cells produce a secretion of lower viscosity than mucus
Brush cells are columnar cells with microvilli and are considered sensory receptors
Neuroendocrine cells possess neuroendocrine function and secrete serotonin and calcitonin
Migratory cells are lymphocytes

Practical Considerations

The nasal cavity is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells and features large venous plexuses and glands
The olfactory epithelium includes olfactory hairs, pigment, microtubules, supporting cells, olfactory bipolar neurons, basal cells, mucus, olfactory receptor neurons, Bowman's gland, lamina propria, and cribriform plate
The respiratory epithelium includes cilia, goblet cells, and lamina propria
The trachea features distinct mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, and adventitia

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Description

Explore the key divisions of the human respiratory system in this quiz. Understand the differences between the conducting and respiratory portions, including their structures and functions. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of nasal cavities and their roles in air filtration and gas exchange.