Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the lungs?
What is the primary function of the lungs?
Which lung is larger and weighs more?
Which lung is larger and weighs more?
What percentage of every breath is considered anatomical dead space?
What percentage of every breath is considered anatomical dead space?
Where does the human trachea extend from and to?
Where does the human trachea extend from and to?
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How many bronchopulmonary segments are present in each lung?
How many bronchopulmonary segments are present in each lung?
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What type of muscle fills the gap in the incomplete tracheal rings?
What type of muscle fills the gap in the incomplete tracheal rings?
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What percentage of oxygenated blood do the muscles of inspiration use during exercise?
What percentage of oxygenated blood do the muscles of inspiration use during exercise?
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What connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs?
What connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs?
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What characterizes the right main bronchus compared to the left main bronchus?
What characterizes the right main bronchus compared to the left main bronchus?
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Which nerve runs in the gap between the oesophagus and the trachea?
Which nerve runs in the gap between the oesophagus and the trachea?
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Which arteries supply blood to the trachea?
Which arteries supply blood to the trachea?
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How many lobes are typically found in the right lung?
How many lobes are typically found in the right lung?
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What is notable about the anterior border of the lung?
What is notable about the anterior border of the lung?
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Where does the venous blood from the trachea drain?
Where does the venous blood from the trachea drain?
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What type of surface is the costal surface of the lung?
What type of surface is the costal surface of the lung?
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Which of the following statements about the pulmonary segments is true?
Which of the following statements about the pulmonary segments is true?
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Study Notes
Right Lung vs Left Lung
- Right lung is bigger than the left
- Right lung weighs more than the left
- Right lung's forced expiratory volume (FEV1) in one second is 55% vs 45% for the left
- Right lung is shorter in height than the left
Lung Function
- The lungs' major function is ventilation
- The lungs' alveolar surface area is huge, about the size of a tennis court or 70-85 m2
Dead Space
- Conducting airways create an anatomical dead space of 150ml
- This means the first 150ml of every breath is wasted before reaching the respiratory zone for gas exchange
Trachea
- Extends from the larynx (at the level of C6 vertebra) to the primary bronchi (at the level of T4/5 vertebral disc)
- Tracheal diameter is 2.5cm and length is 10-15cm
- Contains 15-20 hyaline cartilaginous C-shaped tracheal rings and the cricoid cartilage, which is a complete ring
- Tracheal rings are held together by fibrous annular ligaments
Trachealis Muscle
- Gaps in the incomplete tracheal rings are filled by the trachealis muscle
- Trachealis muscle is innervated by the vagus nerve (parasympathetic)
- Trachealis muscle can vary tracheal lumen size, e.g. during swallowing
Work of Breathing
- During exercise, muscles of inspiration use 14-18% of oxygenated blood
- During quiet breathing, muscles of inspiration use ~10% of oxygenated blood
- Using a ventilator reduces oxygen requirements for the patient as work is performed externally
Bronchopulmonary Segments
- Each lung contains up to 10 bronchopulmonary segments
- Each segment is a discrete anatomical and functional unit
- Segments contain a segmental or tertiary bronchus, a branch from the pulmonary artery, bronchial artery, and pulmonary veins
- Segments are separated by connective tissue planes
Relations of Trachea
- The aorta with the great vessels are draped to the front and left side of the trachea
- The oesophagus is posterior to the trachea
- The left recurrent laryngeal nerve runs in the gap between the oesophagus and trachea
- On the right side, the right vagus nerve and the azygos vein are in immediate contact with the trachea
- On the left side, the arch of the aorta and its main branches separate the left vagus nerve from the trachea
Trachea Supply
- The trachea is supplied by the inferior thyroid and bronchial arteries
- Venous blood drains into the left brachiocephalic vein
- Lymph drains into pretracheal and paratracheal lymph nodes
- Sensory nerve supply is from the vagi and recurrent laryngeal nerves
- Parasympathetic nerves supply the trachealis muscle
Trachea Divisions
- The trachea divides into the two main bronchi in the concavity of the aorta
- The right main bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left one
Lobes of the Lung
- There are three lobes on the right and two on the left
- Fissures may be incomplete, absent, or not visible
Borders of the Lung
- Anterior border: Thin, sharp, with an angular notch on the left side (cardiac notch) where the pericardium is exposed and can be used for pericardiocentesis
- Posterior border: Rounded
- Inferior border: Skirts the base of the lung: at the costal surface it is thin and sharp, and rounded at the mediastinal surface
Surfaces of the Lung
- Costal surface: Smooth with furrows for the ribs
- Mediastinal surface: Contains the hilum of the lung
- Diaphragmatic surface: Smooth, dome shaped
Tracheal Area
- Below the apex bilaterally
- Tracheal area anteriorly, oesophageal surface posteriorly
Lung Hilum
- Groove for arch of azygos vein on the right side
- Groove for arch of aorta on the left side
- Groove for superior vena cava on the right side
- Groove for pulmonary artery on the left side
- Groove for phrenic nerve on the right side
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Description
Explore the anatomy and function of the human lungs, including key differences between the right and left lungs. Learn about lung function, dead space, and the structure of the trachea. This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of respiratory physiology.
