Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Virtue Ethics?
Which philosopher is associated with Principle-based Theories?
What is a criticism of Virtue Ethics?
Which of the following is NOT a traditional example of virtue in Virtue Ethics?
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Who is a main proponent of Virtue Ethics?
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What is the goal of Utilitarianism?
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What is a key aspect of Virtue Ethics?
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Which of the following is an example of a recent virtue in Virtue Ethics?
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What is the primary focus of principle-based theories?
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Who is the main proponent of universal and duty-based principles for everyone?
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What is the criticism of principle-based theories?
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What is the contrasting approach to principle-based theories?
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What is the central idea of consequentialist theories?
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What is Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative?
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What is a limitation of principle-based theories in different cultural contexts?
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What is an implication of Kant's maxim 'Never treat humanity merely as a means, but always as an end in itself'?
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What is the main principle of Utilitarianism as stated by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill?
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What is a criticism of Utilitarianism?
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What is the first step in the 3 Steps to Ethical Behavior?
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What does Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refer to?
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What is the role of HR in guiding employees' ethical behavior?
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What is the third step in the 3 Steps to Ethical Behavior?
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At which level does HR contribute to business ethics by providing codes of conduct for employees?
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What is the relationship between HR and CSR?
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Study Notes
Principle-Based Theories: Basis of Human Rights
- Attempt to judge actions as right or wrong in themselves, regardless of the consequences.
- Assume universal, duty-based principles or rules that apply to everyone and guide actions.
- Main proponent: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).
- Kant's categorical imperative: "Act only according to that maxim (principle or rule) by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."
- Never treat humanity merely as a means, but always as an end in itself.
Criticism of Principle-Based Theories
- Lead to an impasse when different equally valid rights collide.
- Different cultures have different opinions on what should qualify as universal law.
Utilitarianism: Maximize the Overall Good
- Focus on maximizing "utility" (benefits over burdens).
- Actions, policies, or decisions should aim to maximize overall good.
- Main proponents: Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873).
- "The greatest happiness for the greatest number."
Criticism of Utilitarianism
- Certain values, benefits, and costs are difficult to measure.
- Solutions found could potentially violate individual rights or lead to unfair treatment.
Virtue Ethics: Behaving as a "Good Person"
- Relate to a person's character as a 'good person'.
- Virtues define what being a "good person" entails.
- Virtues can be taught and are acquired through practice.
- Traditional examples: Honesty, courage, empathy.
- Recent examples: Integrity, Constancy (Alasdair MacIntyre).
- Main proponent: Aristotle (385-323 BC).
Criticism of Virtue Ethics
- Virtues can sometimes contradict each other (e.g. honesty, loyalty).
HRM and Business Ethics
- Level of analysis: Individual, Organizational.
- Individual level: HR decisions and instruments for guiding employees' ethical behavior.
- 3 Steps to Ethical Behavior: Moral Awareness, Moral Judgement, Ethical Behavior.
- Organizational level: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), adjusting HR practices to CSR standards.
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Description
This quiz covers principle-based theories in human resource management, focusing on universal principles and rules that guide decision-making, regardless of consequences.