Podcast
Questions and Answers
What structure is responsible for protecting the embryo or fetus during development?
What structure is responsible for protecting the embryo or fetus during development?
- Cervix
- Ova
- Uterus (correct)
- Vagina
The cervix is a muscular structure at the upper end of the uterus and does not dilate during childbirth.
The cervix is a muscular structure at the upper end of the uterus and does not dilate during childbirth.
False (B)
Name the part of the sperm that contains the nucleus and is responsible for genetic material.
Name the part of the sperm that contains the nucleus and is responsible for genetic material.
head
Sperm production starts at ______ and occurs in the ______.
Sperm production starts at ______ and occurs in the ______.
Match the structures with their functions:
Match the structures with their functions:
What is the primary shape of an ovum?
What is the primary shape of an ovum?
The tail of the sperm is used for energy production.
The tail of the sperm is used for energy production.
What type of cell division leads to the formation of sperms?
What type of cell division leads to the formation of sperms?
What is the primary function of the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo?
What is the primary function of the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo?
The placenta allows the exchange of blood directly between the maternal and embryonic blood systems.
The placenta allows the exchange of blood directly between the maternal and embryonic blood systems.
What connects the placenta to the embryo?
What connects the placenta to the embryo?
The membranes that form the _________ around the embryo enclose it and provide essential protection.
The membranes that form the _________ around the embryo enclose it and provide essential protection.
Match the following components with their respective functions:
Match the following components with their respective functions:
Which structures carry deoxygenated blood away from the embryo?
Which structures carry deoxygenated blood away from the embryo?
One of the functions of the placenta is to allow the entry of pathogens and toxins from the maternal blood.
One of the functions of the placenta is to allow the entry of pathogens and toxins from the maternal blood.
Name two materials exchanged via the placenta.
Name two materials exchanged via the placenta.
What type of twins are formed when one ovum is fertilized and divides into two zygotes?
What type of twins are formed when one ovum is fertilized and divides into two zygotes?
Fraternal twins have the same genetic make-up.
Fraternal twins have the same genetic make-up.
What is the first stage of the birth process called?
What is the first stage of the birth process called?
The ______ is responsible for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus.
The ______ is responsible for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus.
Match the following birth control methods with their descriptions:
Match the following birth control methods with their descriptions:
Which method is considered unreliable in preventing pregnancy?
Which method is considered unreliable in preventing pregnancy?
The amniotic fluid is released before the actual delivery of the fetus.
The amniotic fluid is released before the actual delivery of the fetus.
What is the purpose of vasectomy in birth control?
What is the purpose of vasectomy in birth control?
Flashcards
Amnion formation
Amnion formation
Embryonic cells create a membrane (amnion) 5 days after implantation, surrounding the embryo.
Amniotic fluid function
Amniotic fluid function
Cushions the embryo, keeps it stable, prevents drying, allows movement, and lubricates the vagina during birth.
Placenta formation
Placenta formation
Combination of embryonic villi and maternal tissue; connects to the embryo via umbilical cord.
Umbilical cord function
Umbilical cord function
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Blood separation in placenta
Blood separation in placenta
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Placenta material exchange
Placenta material exchange
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Large surface area in placenta
Large surface area in placenta
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Thin placental walls
Thin placental walls
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Uterus structure
Uterus structure
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Uterus function
Uterus function
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Cervix function
Cervix function
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Vagina function
Vagina function
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Sperm structure
Sperm structure
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Sperm production location
Sperm production location
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Sperm production time
Sperm production time
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Ovum structure
Ovum structure
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Identical Twins
Identical Twins
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Fraternal Twins
Fraternal Twins
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Birth Stage 1 (Dilation)
Birth Stage 1 (Dilation)
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Birth Stage 2 (Delivery)
Birth Stage 2 (Delivery)
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Birth Stage 3 (Placenta)
Birth Stage 3 (Placenta)
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Contraceptive Pill
Contraceptive Pill
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Vasectomy
Vasectomy
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IUD
IUD
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Study Notes
Human Reproductive System - Male
- Gamete-producing organs: Testes
- Produce sperm and male sex hormones
- Located in the scrotum, a sac outside the abdominal cavity
- Kept at 2-3°C below body temperature for optimal sperm production
- Ducts:
- Epididymis: Coiled tube on the testes, storing sperm temporarily
- Vas Deferens (sperm duct): Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
- Urethra: Discharges semen during ejaculation and urine
- Glands:
- Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, Cowper's Glands: Secrete seminal fluid
- Provides a medium for sperm to swim in
- Contains sugars for energy, mucus for lubrication, and alkaline to neutralize acidity
- Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, Cowper's Glands: Secrete seminal fluid
- Copulatory Organ: Penis
- Contains erectile tissue and blood vessels
- Transfers semen into the female vagina during intercourse
Human Reproductive System - Female
- Gamete-producing organs: Ovaries
- Produce ova (eggs) and female sex hormones
- Ducts: Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)
- Funnel-shaped opening near ovaries
- Lined with cilia to move ovum/embryo towards the uterus
- Site of fertilization
- Uterus:
- Thick muscular pear-shaped organ
- Site of implantation and fetal development
- Protects embryo/fetus, providing a stable environment
- Contains a muscular ring (cervix) at the lower end, dilating during childbirth
- Vagina:
- Canal receiving semen and birthing canal
- Acidic environment to reduce bacterial growth
Human Gametes
- Sperms:
- Tadpole-shaped
- 3 parts: head (nucleus with 23 chromosomes, acrosome with enzymes), middle piece (mitochondria for energy), tail (for movement)
- Ova:
- Spherical, larger than sperm
- Contains a nucleus with 23 chromosomes and cytoplasm with food reserves
- Surrounded by follicle cells.
Sperm and Ovum Production
- Sperm Production:
- Begins at puberty
- Occurs in seminiferous tubules within the testes
- Continuous process throughout adult life
- Millions of sperm produced daily
- Ovum Development:
- Begins before birth
- Ovaries contain thousands of immature ova surrounded by follicle cells
- At puberty, follicles develop, eventually releasing a mature ovum during ovulation
Menstrual Cycle
- Cycle of Uterine Lining: Building up and breaking down
- Day 1-5: Uterine lining breaks down and is discharged (menstruation)
- Day 6-13: Follicles develop, uterine lining thickens.
- Day 14: Ovulation (release of a mature ovum)
- Day 15-28: Ruptured follicle forms the yellow body. Uterine lining thickens to receive embryo. No fertilization→lining breaks down (menstruation)
Fertilization
- Sperm Transfer: Sperms enter the female body during intercourse.
- Sperm Journey: Sperm swim through cervix and uterus to the upper part of the oviducts
- Sperm Limitations: Trapped by mucus, cannot survive acidity, high temperature, some are defective
- Fusion: Sperm enzymes break through the ovum's jelly coat. One sperm fertilizes the ovum (restoration to diploid 46 chromosomes)
Pregnancy
- Implantation: Zygote (fertilized egg) implants into thickened uterine lining
- Embryo Development: Formation of amnion, placenta (for exchange of nutrients, oxygen, etc.)
Birth Process
- Stage 1 (Dilation): Cervix dilates, uterine muscles contract, amnion breaks
- Stage 2 (Delivery): Uterine muscles contract powerfully, fetus is pushed out
- Stage 3 (Placenta Delivery): Placenta detaches and is expelled
Birth Control
- Preventing Ovulation: Hormonal methods (e.g., contraceptive pills)
- Preventing Sperm from Ovum: Rhythm method, barrier methods (e.g., condoms, diaphragms), hormonal methods, surgical methods (vasectomy, tubal ligation).
- Preventing Implantation: Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
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