Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the process called that forms mature female gametes?
What is the process called that forms mature female gametes?
- Oogenesis (correct)
- Fertilization
- Gametogenesis
- Spermatogenesis
The secondary oocyte retains the majority of the cytoplasm after meiosis I.
The secondary oocyte retains the majority of the cytoplasm after meiosis I.
True (A)
What is the term for the first menstruation that begins at puberty?
What is the term for the first menstruation that begins at puberty?
menarche
The phase of the menstrual cycle that lasts for 3-5 days and involves the breakdown of the endometrium is called the ______ phase.
The phase of the menstrual cycle that lasts for 3-5 days and involves the breakdown of the endometrium is called the ______ phase.
Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their durations:
Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their durations:
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
The hormone surge that causes the rupture of the Graafian follicle is known as ______ surge.
The hormone surge that causes the rupture of the Graafian follicle is known as ______ surge.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis undergoes further divisions.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis undergoes further divisions.
What is the main hormone produced by the corpus luteum that aids in the maintenance of the endometrium?
What is the main hormone produced by the corpus luteum that aids in the maintenance of the endometrium?
Fertilization occurs when the ovum and sperm meet in the uterus.
Fertilization occurs when the ovum and sperm meet in the uterus.
What is the term for the fusion of a sperm and an ovum?
What is the term for the fusion of a sperm and an ovum?
After fertilization, the first mitotic divisions produce cells known as __________.
After fertilization, the first mitotic divisions produce cells known as __________.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What happens to the secondary oocyte during fertilization?
What happens to the secondary oocyte during fertilization?
The sex of the baby is determined by the mother.
The sex of the baby is determined by the mother.
The blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium during the process called __________.
The blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium during the process called __________.
What hormone is produced by the placenta during pregnancy that helps to maintain it?
What hormone is produced by the placenta during pregnancy that helps to maintain it?
The mesoderm is the outer layer formed during the differentiation of the inner cell mass.
The mesoderm is the outer layer formed during the differentiation of the inner cell mass.
Name the process through which the fetus is delivered.
Name the process through which the fetus is delivered.
The average duration of human pregnancy is about _______ months.
The average duration of human pregnancy is about _______ months.
Match the following hormones with their sources:
Match the following hormones with their sources:
By the end of the second month of pregnancy, what major development occurs in the fetus?
By the end of the second month of pregnancy, what major development occurs in the fetus?
Hormones like cortisol and thyroxine are decreased during pregnancy.
Hormones like cortisol and thyroxine are decreased during pregnancy.
What are cells called that have the ability to differentiate into all types of tissues?
What are cells called that have the ability to differentiate into all types of tissues?
What structure surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
What structure surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
The follicular phase occurs before the menstrual phase in the menstrual cycle.
The follicular phase occurs before the menstrual phase in the menstrual cycle.
What is released from the Graafian follicle during ovulation?
What is released from the Graafian follicle during ovulation?
The transformation of the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle into the _______ occurs during the luteal phase.
The transformation of the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle into the _______ occurs during the luteal phase.
Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their respective descriptions:
Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their respective descriptions:
At what stage does the primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
At what stage does the primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
Menarche is the term used to describe the end of the menstrual cycle.
Menarche is the term used to describe the end of the menstrual cycle.
What triggers the rupture of the Graafian follicle?
What triggers the rupture of the Graafian follicle?
Which hormone is produced by the placenta to help maintain pregnancy?
Which hormone is produced by the placenta to help maintain pregnancy?
The ectoderm is the inner layer formed during the differentiation of the inner cell mass.
The ectoderm is the inner layer formed during the differentiation of the inner cell mass.
What is the average duration of human pregnancy?
What is the average duration of human pregnancy?
The hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during parturition is called ______.
The hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during parturition is called ______.
Match the following hormones to their functions:
Match the following hormones to their functions:
Which developmental phase comes after the formation of limbs and digits in the fetus?
Which developmental phase comes after the formation of limbs and digits in the fetus?
Stem cells can give rise to all types of tissues and organs.
Stem cells can give rise to all types of tissues and organs.
What are the three primary layers that develop from the inner cell mass?
What are the three primary layers that develop from the inner cell mass?
What is the primary role of the placenta during pregnancy?
What is the primary role of the placenta during pregnancy?
What structure does the blastocyst form when it becomes embedded in the endometrium?
What structure does the blastocyst form when it becomes embedded in the endometrium?
The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called ______.
The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called ______.
What are the finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast during pregnancy?
What are the finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast during pregnancy?
The motile sperm must reach the ampullary region of the fallopian tube for fertilization to occur.
The motile sperm must reach the ampullary region of the fallopian tube for fertilization to occur.
After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of divisions, forming cells called ______.
After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of divisions, forming cells called ______.
What is the role of the zona pellucida during oogenesis?
What is the role of the zona pellucida during oogenesis?
The first meiotic division of oogenesis continues immediately after birth.
The first meiotic division of oogenesis continues immediately after birth.
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the ovum get released?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the ovum get released?
The remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform into the ______ during the luteal phase.
The remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform into the ______ during the luteal phase.
What is menarche?
What is menarche?
Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their characteristics:
Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their characteristics:
The primary follicle directly becomes the Graafian follicle without any intermediary stages.
The primary follicle directly becomes the Graafian follicle without any intermediary stages.
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst develops into the embryo.
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst develops into the embryo.
What is formed when the haploid nucleus of the sperm fuses with that of the ovum?
What is formed when the haploid nucleus of the sperm fuses with that of the ovum?
The motile sperm must swim through the cervix and enter the ______ for fertilization.
The motile sperm must swim through the cervix and enter the ______ for fertilization.
Match the following structures with their functions:
Match the following structures with their functions:
What triggers the changes in the zona pellucida to block additional sperm entry during fertilization?
What triggers the changes in the zona pellucida to block additional sperm entry during fertilization?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating stronger uterine contractions during parturition?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating stronger uterine contractions during parturition?
The process that follows fertilization is called implantation.
The process that follows fertilization is called implantation.
Where do fertilization and the transport of the ovum and sperm take place?
Where do fertilization and the transport of the ovum and sperm take place?
The process of delivery of the fetus is called ______.
The process of delivery of the fetus is called ______.
By the end of 12 weeks of pregnancy, what major development is mostly complete?
By the end of 12 weeks of pregnancy, what major development is mostly complete?
Stem cells can only differentiate into a limited number of tissue types.
Stem cells can only differentiate into a limited number of tissue types.
What significant role does the placenta play during pregnancy?
What significant role does the placenta play during pregnancy?
The corpus luteum is formed from the Graafian follicle after ovulation.
The corpus luteum is formed from the Graafian follicle after ovulation.
What phase of the menstrual cycle involves the release of the ovum?
What phase of the menstrual cycle involves the release of the ovum?
The first menstruation, which occurs at puberty, is called __________.
The first menstruation, which occurs at puberty, is called __________.
Which hormone is secreted by the placenta during pregnancy?
Which hormone is secreted by the placenta during pregnancy?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle are primary follicles maturing into Graafian follicles?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle are primary follicles maturing into Graafian follicles?
Relaxin is produced during pregnancy by the ovaries.
Relaxin is produced during pregnancy by the ovaries.
Match the following phases of oogenesis with their descriptions:
Match the following phases of oogenesis with their descriptions:
What are the three germ layers that develop from the inner cell mass?
What are the three germ layers that develop from the inner cell mass?
The process of childbirth is called __________.
The process of childbirth is called __________.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis divides further.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis divides further.
At what stage of pregnancy are most major organ systems well-developed?
At what stage of pregnancy are most major organ systems well-developed?
The body of the fetus is covered with fine hair by the end of 24 weeks.
The body of the fetus is covered with fine hair by the end of 24 weeks.
What triggers the release of oxytocin during parturition?
What triggers the release of oxytocin during parturition?
What structure is formed when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium?
What structure is formed when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium?
What is the term for the fusion of the sperm and the ovum?
What is the term for the fusion of the sperm and the ovum?
After implantation, the finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast are called __________.
After implantation, the finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast are called __________.
Which of the following statements about the corpus luteum is true?
Which of the following statements about the corpus luteum is true?
What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?
What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?
What process occurs when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium?
What process occurs when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium?
What are the finger-like projections that appear on the trophoblast after implantation?
What are the finger-like projections that appear on the trophoblast after implantation?
The union of a sperm and an ovum is known as ______.
The union of a sperm and an ovum is known as ______.
Match the following stages of early development with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of early development with their descriptions:
During fertilization, what layer of the ovum does the sperm penetrate?
During fertilization, what layer of the ovum does the sperm penetrate?
The trophoblast layer of the blastocyst eventually forms the placenta.
The trophoblast layer of the blastocyst eventually forms the placenta.
The first meiotic division of the secondary oocyte occurs during ______.
The first meiotic division of the secondary oocyte occurs during ______.
Which hormone is produced by the placenta and is vital for maintaining pregnancy?
Which hormone is produced by the placenta and is vital for maintaining pregnancy?
Parturition involves the expulsion of the fetus only.
Parturition involves the expulsion of the fetus only.
What are the three primary germ layers that arise from the inner cell mass?
What are the three primary germ layers that arise from the inner cell mass?
What is the hormonal signal that triggers uterine contractions during parturition?
What is the hormonal signal that triggers uterine contractions during parturition?
By the end of the ____ trimester, most major organ systems are well-developed.
By the end of the ____ trimester, most major organ systems are well-developed.
The luteal phase occurs immediately after ovulation.
The luteal phase occurs immediately after ovulation.
What is the primary oocyte arrested in during oogenesis?
What is the primary oocyte arrested in during oogenesis?
The first menstruation is known as ______.
The first menstruation is known as ______.
Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their characteristics:
Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their characteristics:
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the menstrual flow occur?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the menstrual flow occur?
The first polar body produced during meiosis in oogenesis continues to divide.
The first polar body produced during meiosis in oogenesis continues to divide.
Which of the following hormones is produced by the placenta during pregnancy?
Which of the following hormones is produced by the placenta during pregnancy?
What is the average duration of human pregnancy in months?
What is the average duration of human pregnancy in months?
Match the following layers of the embryo with their descriptions:
Match the following layers of the embryo with their descriptions:
What hormone helps in the relaxation of connective tissues to facilitate childbirth?
What hormone helps in the relaxation of connective tissues to facilitate childbirth?
At the end of 12 weeks of pregnancy, most major organ systems are well-developed.
At the end of 12 weeks of pregnancy, most major organ systems are well-developed.
Which hormone triggers stronger uterine contractions during parturition?
Which hormone triggers stronger uterine contractions during parturition?
What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?
What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?
The sperm must reach the ampullary region of the fallopian tube at the same time as the ovum for fertilization to occur.
The sperm must reach the ampullary region of the fallopian tube at the same time as the ovum for fertilization to occur.
What are the finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast called?
What are the finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast called?
The fusion of the sperm and ovum results in the formation of a __________.
The fusion of the sperm and ovum results in the formation of a __________.
What induces the completion of the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte?
What induces the completion of the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte?
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst differentiates into the placenta.
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst differentiates into the placenta.
During what process does the blastocyst become embedded in the endometrium?
During what process does the blastocyst become embedded in the endometrium?
At what stage of oogenesis is the primary oocyte arrested?
At what stage of oogenesis is the primary oocyte arrested?
What is the structure that surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
What is the structure that surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
The reproductive cycle in female primates is known as the ______ cycle.
The reproductive cycle in female primates is known as the ______ cycle.
What process releases the secondary oocyte from the ovary?
What process releases the secondary oocyte from the ovary?
The Graafian follicle transforms into the corpus luteum during the follicular phase.
The Graafian follicle transforms into the corpus luteum during the follicular phase.
What is the average duration of the menstrual cycle in humans?
What is the average duration of the menstrual cycle in humans?
What name is given to the mature follicle that forms before ovulation?
What name is given to the mature follicle that forms before ovulation?
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle follows ovulation.
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle follows ovulation.
What is the primary cell produced after the completion of meiosis I in oogenesis?
What is the primary cell produced after the completion of meiosis I in oogenesis?
The phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by the shedding of the endometrium is known as the ______ phase.
The phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by the shedding of the endometrium is known as the ______ phase.
Match the phases of oogenesis with their respective stages:
Match the phases of oogenesis with their respective stages:
During what phase does the LH surge occur, leading to ovulation?
During what phase does the LH surge occur, leading to ovulation?
The first polar body produced during oogenesis divides further after meiosis.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis divides further after meiosis.
Which hormone is primarily responsible for inducing stronger uterine contractions during parturition?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for inducing stronger uterine contractions during parturition?
What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
The gestation period for human pregnancy lasts approximately 10 months.
The gestation period for human pregnancy lasts approximately 10 months.
What are the three layers that develop from the inner cell mass during embryonic development?
What are the three layers that develop from the inner cell mass during embryonic development?
Fertilization occurs only when the ovum and sperm are transported simultaneously to the isthmus of the fallopian tube.
Fertilization occurs only when the ovum and sperm are transported simultaneously to the isthmus of the fallopian tube.
The process of delivering the fetus is referred to as ______.
The process of delivering the fetus is referred to as ______.
The process of ______ occurs when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium.
The process of ______ occurs when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium.
What major developments occur in the fetus by the end of 12 weeks (first trimester)?
What major developments occur in the fetus by the end of 12 weeks (first trimester)?
Match the following stages of embryonic development with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of embryonic development with their descriptions:
Which layer of the blastocyst becomes differentiated as the embryo?
Which layer of the blastocyst becomes differentiated as the embryo?
Stem cells only have the potential to become nerve cells.
Stem cells only have the potential to become nerve cells.
The secondary oocyte completes its meiotic division upon fusion with a sperm.
The secondary oocyte completes its meiotic division upon fusion with a sperm.
Increase in levels of hormones like cortisol and _______ is observed during pregnancy.
Increase in levels of hormones like cortisol and _______ is observed during pregnancy.
The luteal phase occurs before the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle.
The luteal phase occurs before the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle.
What is the term for the phase that begins with the breakdown of the endometrium?
What is the term for the phase that begins with the breakdown of the endometrium?
The surge of _______________ leads to ovulation.
The surge of _______________ leads to ovulation.
Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their descriptions:
Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their descriptions:
During which phase are primary oocytes activated to complete meiosis I?
During which phase are primary oocytes activated to complete meiosis I?
The corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured Graafian follicle.
The corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured Graafian follicle.
What happens to the first polar body produced during oogenesis?
What happens to the first polar body produced during oogenesis?
What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during parturition?
What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during parturition?
The placenta is only responsible for the transportation of nutrients to the fetus.
The placenta is only responsible for the transportation of nutrients to the fetus.
Which hormone levels are increased several-fold in maternal blood during pregnancy?
Which hormone levels are increased several-fold in maternal blood during pregnancy?
Stem cells in the inner cell mass have the ability to differentiate into specific tissues and organs.
Stem cells in the inner cell mass have the ability to differentiate into specific tissues and organs.
What is the term for the process of delivery of the fetus?
What is the term for the process of delivery of the fetus?
Fertilization can occur if the ovum and sperm are not transported simultaneously to the ampullary region.
Fertilization can occur if the ovum and sperm are not transported simultaneously to the ampullary region.
What are the finger-like projections on the trophoblast called?
What are the finger-like projections on the trophoblast called?
The structure formed when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium is called the ______.
The structure formed when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium is called the ______.
What occurs to the secondary oocyte during fertilization?
What occurs to the secondary oocyte during fertilization?
What is the result of the fusion of the haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum?
What is the result of the fusion of the haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum?
Which structure is formed after ovulation from the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle?
Which structure is formed after ovulation from the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle?
The first polar body produced during oogenesis divides further to form additional cells.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis divides further to form additional cells.
What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
The phase of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and lasts for 3-5 days is called the ______ phase.
The phase of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and lasts for 3-5 days is called the ______ phase.
Match each phase of the menstrual cycle with its description:
Match each phase of the menstrual cycle with its description:
During which phase of oogenesis does the primary oocyte complete meiosis I?
During which phase of oogenesis does the primary oocyte complete meiosis I?
Ovulation occurs at the beginning of the menstrual cycle.
Ovulation occurs at the beginning of the menstrual cycle.
What average duration does a menstrual cycle repeat in humans?
What average duration does a menstrual cycle repeat in humans?
Which hormone is secreted by the ovary later in pregnancy to aid in relaxation of the pelvic ligaments?
Which hormone is secreted by the ovary later in pregnancy to aid in relaxation of the pelvic ligaments?
The placenta is solely responsible for the production of all hormones during pregnancy.
The placenta is solely responsible for the production of all hormones during pregnancy.
Match the following terms related to pregnancy with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to pregnancy with their definitions:
Which of the following is NOT a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy?
By the end of 12 weeks, most of the major organ systems of the fetus are well-developed.
By the end of 12 weeks, most of the major organ systems of the fetus are well-developed.
What is the role of stem cells in the inner cell mass?
What is the role of stem cells in the inner cell mass?
What is the outer layer of the blastocyst that aids in implantation called?
What is the outer layer of the blastocyst that aids in implantation called?
The placenta is formed by the fusion of embryonic tissue and uterine tissue.
The placenta is formed by the fusion of embryonic tissue and uterine tissue.
What structure does the zygote develop into as it moves towards the uterus?
What structure does the zygote develop into as it moves towards the uterus?
The fusion of a sperm with an ovum during fertilization takes place in the __________.
The fusion of a sperm with an ovum during fertilization takes place in the __________.
Match the terms related to fertilization with their definitions:
Match the terms related to fertilization with their definitions:
Which of the following best describes the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
Which of the following best describes the role of the placenta during pregnancy?
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst eventually develops into the placenta.
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst eventually develops into the placenta.
After fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes its meiotic division and forms a __________.
After fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes its meiotic division and forms a __________.
The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is equal, resulting in two haploid cells.
The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is equal, resulting in two haploid cells.
What are the projections that develop on the trophoblast called?
What are the projections that develop on the trophoblast called?
The outer layer of the blastocyst is called the ______.
The outer layer of the blastocyst is called the ______.
The sex of a baby is determined by the mother's genetic contribution.
The sex of a baby is determined by the mother's genetic contribution.
What is formed when the blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium?
What is formed when the blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium?
What is the name of the connective structure between the placenta and the embryo?
What is the name of the connective structure between the placenta and the embryo?
The hormone relaxin is secreted by the ovary only after the baby is delivered.
The hormone relaxin is secreted by the ovary only after the baby is delivered.
The process of childbirth is referred to as __________.
The process of childbirth is referred to as __________.
At what stage of development are the major organ systems of the fetus well-developed?
At what stage of development are the major organ systems of the fetus well-developed?
The average duration of human pregnancy is about 12 months.
The average duration of human pregnancy is about 12 months.
What triggers the process of parturition?
What triggers the process of parturition?
What is the main function of the corpus luteum?
What is the main function of the corpus luteum?
The second meiotic division is completed before the ovum is released from the ovary.
The second meiotic division is completed before the ovum is released from the ovary.
What phase of the menstrual cycle consists of the breakdown of the endometrium?
What phase of the menstrual cycle consists of the breakdown of the endometrium?
The hormone that surges to induce ovulation is known as ______.
The hormone that surges to induce ovulation is known as ______.
Match the phase of oogenesis with its description:
Match the phase of oogenesis with its description:
Which event occurs during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Which event occurs during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle?
The first polar body produced during oogenesis goes on to participate in fertilization.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis goes on to participate in fertilization.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis can undergo further divisions.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis can undergo further divisions.
The process of releasing the ovum from the ovary is known as ______.
The process of releasing the ovum from the ovary is known as ______.
Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their main events:
Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their main events:
At what stage do primary oocytes complete meiosis I?
At what stage do primary oocytes complete meiosis I?
Menarche signals the end of the menstrual cycle.
Menarche signals the end of the menstrual cycle.
What is the role of the zona pellucida?
What is the role of the zona pellucida?
The placenta is only involved in nutrient transfer between the mother and the fetus.
The placenta is only involved in nutrient transfer between the mother and the fetus.
By the end of which month of pregnancy are most major organ systems developed?
By the end of which month of pregnancy are most major organ systems developed?
The inner cell mass contains stem cells that can differentiate into various types of tissues.
The inner cell mass contains stem cells that can differentiate into various types of tissues.
What is the process called that describes the delivery of the fetus?
What is the process called that describes the delivery of the fetus?
What is the function of the progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum?
What is the function of the progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum?
What is the term for the process where the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium?
What is the term for the process where the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium?
The structure formed by the fusion of a sperm and an ovum is called a ______.
The structure formed by the fusion of a sperm and an ovum is called a ______.
What are the key components formed in the blastocyst?
What are the key components formed in the blastocyst?
The zona pellucida helps prevent the entry of multiple sperms during fertilization.
The zona pellucida helps prevent the entry of multiple sperms during fertilization.
What is the primary function of the trophoblast during implantation?
What is the primary function of the trophoblast during implantation?
The sex of the baby is determined exclusively by the mother.
The sex of the baby is determined exclusively by the mother.
What is formed immediately after the fusion of the sperm and ovum?
What is formed immediately after the fusion of the sperm and ovum?
The fertilized ovum undergoes divisions to become a __________.
The fertilized ovum undergoes divisions to become a __________.
What induces changes in the membrane of the ovum during fertilization?
What induces changes in the membrane of the ovum during fertilization?
The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is equal.
The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is equal.
Name the structure that forms between the developing embryo and the maternal body after implantation.
Name the structure that forms between the developing embryo and the maternal body after implantation.
The placenta is expelled from the uterus before the infant is delivered.
The placenta is expelled from the uterus before the infant is delivered.
What important development occurs in the fetus by the end of the first month of pregnancy?
What important development occurs in the fetus by the end of the first month of pregnancy?
Hormones such as cortisol and thyroxine remain at normal levels during pregnancy.
Hormones such as cortisol and thyroxine remain at normal levels during pregnancy.
What is the process called when a fetus is delivered?
What is the process called when a fetus is delivered?
What is the term for the structure that surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
What is the term for the structure that surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
The first polar body formed during oogenesis divides further to contribute to oocyte development.
The first polar body formed during oogenesis divides further to contribute to oocyte development.
What phase of the menstrual cycle involves the breakdown of the endometrium?
What phase of the menstrual cycle involves the breakdown of the endometrium?
The release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary is known as ______.
The release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary is known as ______.
At what point during oogenesis does the primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
At what point during oogenesis does the primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
What hormone surge triggers ovulation?
What hormone surge triggers ovulation?
The corpus luteum forms from the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle after ovulation.
The corpus luteum forms from the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle after ovulation.
What structure forms the interface between the developing embryo and the maternal body?
What structure forms the interface between the developing embryo and the maternal body?
What process occurs when a blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?
What process occurs when a blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?
The fusion of a sperm and an ovum is called __________.
The fusion of a sperm and an ovum is called __________.
What hormone is primarily responsible for inducing uterine contractions during parturition?
What hormone is primarily responsible for inducing uterine contractions during parturition?
Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:
Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:
Which layer of the blastocyst is responsible for implantation into the endometrium?
Which layer of the blastocyst is responsible for implantation into the endometrium?
The process of fertilization requires the simultaneous transport of the ovum and sperm to the isthmus of the oviduct.
The process of fertilization requires the simultaneous transport of the ovum and sperm to the isthmus of the oviduct.
What type of cells does the developing zygote form as it undergoes mitotic divisions?
What type of cells does the developing zygote form as it undergoes mitotic divisions?
The process of delivering the fetus is known as ______.
The process of delivering the fetus is known as ______.
Match the following hormones with their primary functions:
Match the following hormones with their primary functions:
Which structure connects the placenta to the embryo?
Which structure connects the placenta to the embryo?
By the end of 12 weeks of pregnancy, most major organ systems of the fetus are developed.
By the end of 12 weeks of pregnancy, most major organ systems of the fetus are developed.
What type of cells in the inner cell mass are capable of differentiating into various tissues?
What type of cells in the inner cell mass are capable of differentiating into various tissues?
What phase follows the menstrual phase in the menstrual cycle?
What phase follows the menstrual phase in the menstrual cycle?
The process of releasing the ovum from the ovary is called ______.
The process of releasing the ovum from the ovary is called ______.
During which phase of the menstrual cycle is the endometrial lining broken down?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle is the endometrial lining broken down?
Oogenesis produces more than one mature ovum in each cycle.
Oogenesis produces more than one mature ovum in each cycle.
What is the primary outcome of oogenesis?
What is the primary outcome of oogenesis?
The first polar body produced during oogenesis continues to divide and mature.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis continues to divide and mature.
What is the name of the phase that lasts for 3-5 days, involving the breakdown of the endometrium?
What is the name of the phase that lasts for 3-5 days, involving the breakdown of the endometrium?
The surge of __________ hormone triggers the release of the ovum.
The surge of __________ hormone triggers the release of the ovum.
Which of the following occurs during the follicular phase?
Which of the following occurs during the follicular phase?
Menarche is the term used to describe the onset of menstruation.
Menarche is the term used to describe the onset of menstruation.
What surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
What surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?
Which structure becomes embedded in the endometrium during implantation?
Which structure becomes embedded in the endometrium during implantation?
What process describes the mitotic divisions of the zygote while traveling through the oviduct?
What process describes the mitotic divisions of the zygote while traveling through the oviduct?
Chorionic villi develop from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
Chorionic villi develop from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
The hormone relaxin is produced only by the placenta during pregnancy.
The hormone relaxin is produced only by the placenta during pregnancy.
What are the three primary germ layers formed from the inner cell mass?
What are the three primary germ layers formed from the inner cell mass?
Match the hormones produced during pregnancy with their primary functions:
Match the hormones produced during pregnancy with their primary functions:
At what point in pregnancy does the fetus develop major organ systems?
At what point in pregnancy does the fetus develop major organ systems?
The average duration of human pregnancy is approximately 12 weeks.
The average duration of human pregnancy is approximately 12 weeks.
Relaxin is produced by the ovary only during pregnancy.
Relaxin is produced by the ovary only during pregnancy.
What structures form the three primary layers from the inner cell mass?
What structures form the three primary layers from the inner cell mass?
Match the following hormones with their primary roles:
Match the following hormones with their primary roles:
By the end of the first month of pregnancy, the embryo’s heart is formed.
By the end of the first month of pregnancy, the embryo’s heart is formed.
How does the placenta support the fetus during pregnancy?
How does the placenta support the fetus during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?
What is the primary purpose of the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?
Oogonia undergo meiotic division to form primary oocytes.
Oogonia undergo meiotic division to form primary oocytes.
What structure is formed around the secondary oocyte during oogenesis?
What structure is formed around the secondary oocyte during oogenesis?
The rupture of the Graafian follicle to release the ovum is known as ______.
The rupture of the Graafian follicle to release the ovum is known as ______.
Menarche is the term used to describe the cessation of menstruation.
Menarche is the term used to describe the cessation of menstruation.
What is the primary role of the chorionic villi during pregnancy?
What is the primary role of the chorionic villi during pregnancy?
What structure forms the functional unit between the developing embryo and the maternal body?
What structure forms the functional unit between the developing embryo and the maternal body?
The cells produced after the first mitotic divisions of the zygote are called __________.
The cells produced after the first mitotic divisions of the zygote are called __________.
Match the following stages with their descriptions:
Match the following stages with their descriptions:
What event blocks the entry of additional sperms during fertilization?
What event blocks the entry of additional sperms during fertilization?
The blastocyst consists of a single layer of cells.
The blastocyst consists of a single layer of cells.
What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the endometrium?
What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the endometrium?
What structure forms the outer layer of the blastocyst?
What structure forms the outer layer of the blastocyst?
The sperm and ovum must reach the ampullary region of the fallopian tube at different times for fertilization to occur.
The sperm and ovum must reach the ampullary region of the fallopian tube at different times for fertilization to occur.
The process of the embryo becoming embedded in the endometrium is called ______.
The process of the embryo becoming embedded in the endometrium is called ______.
Which statement is true regarding fertilization?
Which statement is true regarding fertilization?
What is the functional unit called that forms between the developing embryo and the maternal body?
What is the functional unit called that forms between the developing embryo and the maternal body?
What happens to the primary oocyte at puberty?
What happens to the primary oocyte at puberty?
The first polar body formed during oogenesis continues to divide after its formation.
The first polar body formed during oogenesis continues to divide after its formation.
What is formed when the Graafian follicle ruptures?
What is formed when the Graafian follicle ruptures?
The phase of the menstrual cycle that involves the growth of follicles is called the ______ phase.
The phase of the menstrual cycle that involves the growth of follicles is called the ______ phase.
The remaining parts of the Graafian follicle are transformed into the ______ during the luteal phase.
The remaining parts of the Graafian follicle are transformed into the ______ during the luteal phase.
The menstrual cycle lasts for an average of 28 days in humans.
The menstrual cycle lasts for an average of 28 days in humans.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placenta during pregnancy.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placenta during pregnancy.
What is the name of the process that leads to childbirth?
What is the name of the process that leads to childbirth?
The three layers of tissue that develop from the inner cell mass are called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and __________.
The three layers of tissue that develop from the inner cell mass are called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and __________.
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?
The placenta is expelled from the uterus after the delivery of the baby.
The placenta is expelled from the uterus after the delivery of the baby.
What hormone triggers uterine contractions during parturition?
What hormone triggers uterine contractions during parturition?
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types.
The three layers that develop from the inner cell mass are the ______, ______, and ______.
The three layers that develop from the inner cell mass are the ______, ______, and ______.
Match the following hormones with their primary roles during pregnancy:
Match the following hormones with their primary roles during pregnancy:
Which fetal development occurs by the end of the second month of pregnancy?
Which fetal development occurs by the end of the second month of pregnancy?
The placenta is expelled out of the uterus immediately after birth.
The placenta is expelled out of the uterus immediately after birth.
What structure forms from the fusion of the haploid nuclei of the sperm and the ovum?
What structure forms from the fusion of the haploid nuclei of the sperm and the ovum?
What is the process called that involves delivery of the fetus?
What is the process called that involves delivery of the fetus?
What is the term for the process where the blastocyst attaches and becomes embedded in the endometrium?
What is the term for the process where the blastocyst attaches and becomes embedded in the endometrium?
The layer of cells that develops from the trophoblast and forms part of the placenta is called __________.
The layer of cells that develops from the trophoblast and forms part of the placenta is called __________.
What phase occurs after fertilization and involves the division of the zygote?
What phase occurs after fertilization and involves the division of the zygote?
The motile sperm must reach the fertilized egg in the uterus for fertilization to occur.
The motile sperm must reach the fertilized egg in the uterus for fertilization to occur.
What happens to the primary oocyte after it completes meiosis I?
What happens to the primary oocyte after it completes meiosis I?
The luteal phase occurs before ovulation in the menstrual cycle.
The luteal phase occurs before ovulation in the menstrual cycle.
The membrane that surrounds the secondary oocyte is called the _______.
The membrane that surrounds the secondary oocyte is called the _______.
Match the phases of oogenesis with their descriptions:
Match the phases of oogenesis with their descriptions:
Menarche refers to the average duration of the menstrual cycle.
Menarche refers to the average duration of the menstrual cycle.
What causes ovulation to occur in the menstrual cycle?
What causes ovulation to occur in the menstrual cycle?
The placenta is connected to the embryo through a structure called the umbilical cord.
The placenta is connected to the embryo through a structure called the umbilical cord.
What are the three primary layers formed by the inner cell mass during embryonic development?
What are the three primary layers formed by the inner cell mass during embryonic development?
By the end of which trimester are most major organ systems developed in the fetus?
By the end of which trimester are most major organ systems developed in the fetus?
The zona pellucida layer of the ovum allows multiple sperm to enter during fertilization.
The zona pellucida layer of the ovum allows multiple sperm to enter during fertilization.
Fertilization occurs in the ______ region of the fallopian tube.
Fertilization occurs in the ______ region of the fallopian tube.
What is the first step that occurs after fertilization?
What is the first step that occurs after fertilization?
The menstrual cycle in female primates is repeated every 28-29 days on average.
The menstrual cycle in female primates is repeated every 28-29 days on average.
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the LH surge occur?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the LH surge occur?
The first menstruation in a female is referred to as ______.
The first menstruation in a female is referred to as ______.
Which of the following is formed from the primary oocyte after it completes meiosis I?
Which of the following is formed from the primary oocyte after it completes meiosis I?
The first polar body produced during oogenesis continues to divide.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis continues to divide.
What happens to the Graafian follicle during ovulation?
What happens to the Graafian follicle during ovulation?
What is primarily retained by the secondary oocyte after meiosis I?
What is primarily retained by the secondary oocyte after meiosis I?
The menstrual cycle averages 28-29 days in duration.
The menstrual cycle averages 28-29 days in duration.
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle that occur after menstruation?
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle that occur after menstruation?
The process by which a mature ovum is released from the ovary is called __________.
The process by which a mature ovum is released from the ovary is called __________.
At puberty, primary oocytes complete meiosis I to become __________.
At puberty, primary oocytes complete meiosis I to become __________.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis completes further divisions.
The first polar body produced during oogenesis completes further divisions.
What hormone is released by the maternal pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during parturition?
What hormone is released by the maternal pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during parturition?
The ectoderm is the outermost layer formed during the differentiation of the inner cell mass.
The ectoderm is the outermost layer formed during the differentiation of the inner cell mass.
What is the average gestation period for human pregnancy?
What is the average gestation period for human pregnancy?
The placenta acts as an endocrine tissue, producing hormones like _____ and _____ during pregnancy.
The placenta acts as an endocrine tissue, producing hormones like _____ and _____ during pregnancy.
What development occurs by the end of the first month of pregnancy?
What development occurs by the end of the first month of pregnancy?
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into only a few types of tissues.
Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into only a few types of tissues.
What is the process called when a sperm and an ovum fuse together?
What is the process called when a sperm and an ovum fuse together?
The blastocyst is formed before the morula during embryonic development.
The blastocyst is formed before the morula during embryonic development.
The diploid cell formed after the fusion of sperm and ovum is called a ______.
The diploid cell formed after the fusion of sperm and ovum is called a ______.
Match the following stages of early embryonic development with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of early embryonic development with their descriptions:
What facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo?
What facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo?
The sex of the baby is primarily determined by the mother.
The sex of the baby is primarily determined by the mother.
What must occur simultaneously for fertilization to happen?
What must occur simultaneously for fertilization to happen?
Flashcards
Oogenesis
Oogenesis
The process of forming mature female gametes (ova).
Oogonia
Oogonia
Primordial germ cells in a female fetus that multiply through mitosis.
Primary Oocyte
Primary Oocyte
Oogonia that undergo meiosis and become the mature egg.
Prophase I of Meiosis I
Prophase I of Meiosis I
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Ovulation
Ovulation
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Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
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Menarche
Menarche
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Menstrual Phase
Menstrual Phase
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Umbilical cord
Umbilical cord
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Placenta
Placenta
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Relaxin
Relaxin
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Ectoderm
Ectoderm
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Endoderm
Endoderm
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Mesoderm
Mesoderm
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Stem cells
Stem cells
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Gestation period
Gestation period
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What is fertilization?
What is fertilization?
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What is a morula?
What is a morula?
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What is the trophoblast?
What is the trophoblast?
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What is the inner cell mass?
What is the inner cell mass?
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What is implantation?
What is implantation?
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What are chorionic villi?
What are chorionic villi?
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What is the placenta?
What is the placenta?
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What is progesterone?
What is progesterone?
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Parturition
Parturition
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Oxytocin
Oxytocin
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What is oogenesis?
What is oogenesis?
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What are oogonia?
What are oogonia?
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What is the first meiotic division in oogenesis?
What is the first meiotic division in oogenesis?
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What is the zona pellucida?
What is the zona pellucida?
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What is ovulation?
What is ovulation?
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What is the menstrual cycle?
What is the menstrual cycle?
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What occurs during the menstrual phase?
What occurs during the menstrual phase?
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What occurs during the follicular phase?
What occurs during the follicular phase?
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What is the umbilical cord?
What is the umbilical cord?
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What is relaxin?
What is relaxin?
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What are stem cells?
What are stem cells?
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What is parturition?
What is parturition?
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What is oxytocin?
What is oxytocin?
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What is the ectoderm?
What is the ectoderm?
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What is the endoderm?
What is the endoderm?
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Fertilization
Fertilization
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Implantation
Implantation
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Chorionic villi
Chorionic villi
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Mitosis in the zygote
Mitosis in the zygote
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Morula
Morula
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Trophoblast
Trophoblast
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Inner cell mass
Inner cell mass
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Oogenesis: What is it?
Oogenesis: What is it?
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Primary Oocyte: What happens to it?
Primary Oocyte: What happens to it?
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Secondary Oocyte: What is it?
Secondary Oocyte: What is it?
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Graafian Follicle: What is its role?
Graafian Follicle: What is its role?
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Ovulation: What is it?
Ovulation: What is it?
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Menstrual Cycle: What is it?
Menstrual Cycle: What is it?
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Menstrual Phase: What happens?
Menstrual Phase: What happens?
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Follicular Phase: What occurs?
Follicular Phase: What occurs?
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What is mitosis in the zygote?
What is mitosis in the zygote?
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What is a Graafian follicle?
What is a Graafian follicle?
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What happens during the menstrual phase?
What happens during the menstrual phase?
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What is menarche?
What is menarche?
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Primary oocyte's arrest
Primary oocyte's arrest
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Graafian follicle
Graafian follicle
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Follicular phase
Follicular phase
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Follicular phase
Follicular phase
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Zygote Transport
Zygote Transport
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Blastocyst
Blastocyst
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Progesterone
Progesterone
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Fertilization: What happens in the ampullary region?
Fertilization: What happens in the ampullary region?
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Zygote's journey
Zygote's journey
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Implantation: How does the embryo attach?
Implantation: How does the embryo attach?
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Chorionic villi: What are they?
Chorionic villi: What are they?
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Placenta: What is its role?
Placenta: What is its role?
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Progesterone: What's its role in pregnancy?
Progesterone: What's its role in pregnancy?
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What does the corpus luteum secrete?
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
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What is the gestation period?
What is the gestation period?
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First Meiotic Division
First Meiotic Division
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Ampullary region
Ampullary region
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Prophase I Arrest
Prophase I Arrest
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LH Surge
LH Surge
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What happens to the primary oocyte?
What happens to the primary oocyte?
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What is the secondary oocyte?
What is the secondary oocyte?
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What is the role of the Graafian follicle?
What is the role of the Graafian follicle?
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Meiosis I in Oogenesis
Meiosis I in Oogenesis
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What happens during fertilization?
What happens during fertilization?
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What happens to the zygote?
What happens to the zygote?
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Luteal Phase
Luteal Phase
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First Meiotic Division in Oogenesis
First Meiotic Division in Oogenesis
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Study Notes
Reproductive System
- Humans reproduce sexually and are viviparous
- Male reproductive system: testes, accessory ducts, glands, external genitalia
- Testes contain lobules with seminiferous tubules (sperm formation)
- Spermatogonia divide to form sperm; Sertoli cells nourish germ cells.
- Leydig cells produce testosterone
- Female reproductive system: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
- Ovaries produce ova and hormones (estrogen, progesterone)
- Oviducts transport ova to the uterus
- Uterus supports the developing embryo
- Male external genitalia is called penis
- Women's external genitalia includes mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris
Menstrual Cycle
- The female reproductive cycle involves menstruation
- The cycle of events (menarche to menopause) is approximately 28-29 days
- The cycle starts with menstruation (3-5 days), followed by the follicular phase
- Follicles in the ovary develop, estrogen levels increase, and the uterine lining thickens
- Ovulation occurs (mid-cycle) when an ovum is released from a mature follicle, triggered by an LH surge
- Luteal phase: corpus luteum develops and secretes progesterone; the uterine lining continues to thicken
- If fertilization doesn't occur, corpus luteum degenerates, estrogen and progesterone levels drop, and menstrual flow begins
- Hormones regulate cycle
- Menstrual flow results from breakdown of endometrial lining and blood vessels, which leaves the body via the vagina
- There are follicular and luteal phases in the menstrual cycle
- Follicular phase: characterized by follicle development, increased estrogen, and uterine lining thickening
- Luteal phase: occurs after ovulation, characterized by corpus luteum development and increased progesterone, maintaining the uterine lining
- Cycle of events occurs from one menstruation to the next
- Menstruation occurs if the released ovum is not fertilized, resulting from breakdown of the uterine lining
- Major events of the menstrual cycle are shown in Figure 2.9
- The cycle starts with the menstrual phase
- Menstrual phase lasts 3–5 days; menstrual flow results from breakdown of endometrial lining; occurs if ovum isn't fertilized
- Menstruation followed by follicular phase, where primary follicles grow into a mature Graafian follicle; endometrial lining thickens
- During the follicular phase, pituitary hormones (FSH & LH) increase, leading to follicle development, and stimulation of estrogen secretion
- Rapid secretion of LH (LH surge) in mid-cycle triggers ovulation
- Ovulation is followed by the luteal phase; corpus luteum develops, secreting progesterone, which maintains endometrium
- Lack of menstruation may indicate pregnancy or other factors like stress or illness
- The menstrual cycle is regulated by pituitary and ovarian hormones
- The menstrual cycle involves significant hormonal changes (estrogen and progesterone) controlling the uterine lining (endometrium) and follicle development (ovary), culminating in ovulation (ovum release)
Fertilization and Pregnancy
- Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and ovum in the fallopian tube (ampulla region)
- Zygote: Fertilized ovum that develops into an embryo
- Embryo implants in the uterine wall
- Placenta develops, allowing exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and embryo
- Pregnancy lasts approximately nine months
- Hormones such as HCG, hPL, estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin are involved in pregnancy and fetal development
- Parturition: Labor, uterine contractions lead to birth of a baby
- Fertilization and the processes of sperm/ovum and oocyte development are regulated by hormones, including LH and FSH
- Implantation occurs in the uterine wall, and leads to pregnancy
- During copulation (coitus) semen is released by the penis, motile sperms enter the uterus and reach the ampulla region of the fallopian tubes where fertilization takes place
- Fertilization occurs if ovum and sperms are simultaneously present in fallopian ampulla region
- The process of fusion of sperm with an ovum is called fertilization
- The corona radiata layer of the ovum helps the sperm enter and blocks the entry of other sperm
- Completion of Meiosis II in the oocyte after fertilization
- Formation of diploid zygote from haploid gametes
- Sperm, moving through the female reproductive tract, eventually reaches the ampullary region of the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs.
- Fertilization only occurs if sperm and ovum are simultaneously in the ampullary region
Embryonic Development
- Early embryonic development includes cell division (cleavage), blastocyst formation and implantation
- Formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers
- Different stages of embryonic development occur during gestation
- Organs develop and tissues differentiate, in various months of the gestation
- Sex determination occurs at fertilization, based on sperm carrying X or Y chromosome
- Zygotes with XX develop into females and XY into males
- Embryo develops into blastomeres, then morula, then blastocyst
- Blastocyst implants in the uterine wall
- Implantation: Blastocyst embedding in uterine wall
Lactation
- Mammary glands differentiate during pregnancy
- Milk production starts after childbirth (lactation)
- Colostrum (initial milk) provides antibodies to the newborn
Reproduction Summary
- Humans are sexually reproducing, viviparous, and have internal fertilization
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