NCERT - HUMAN REPRODUCTION - 1 - 24-25
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Questions and Answers

What is the process called that forms mature female gametes?

  • Oogenesis (correct)
  • Fertilization
  • Gametogenesis
  • Spermatogenesis

    • The secondary oocyte retains the majority of the cytoplasm after meiosis I.

    True

    What is the term for the first menstruation that begins at puberty?

    menarche

    The phase of the menstrual cycle that lasts for 3-5 days and involves the breakdown of the endometrium is called the ______ phase.

    <p>menstrual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their durations:

    <p>Menstrual phase = 3-5 days Follicular phase = 10-14 days Ovulatory phase = Around 1 day Luteal phase = Approximately 14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

    <p>Ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone surge that causes the rupture of the Graafian follicle is known as ______ surge.

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during oogenesis undergoes further divisions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main hormone produced by the corpus luteum that aids in the maintenance of the endometrium?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization occurs when the ovum and sperm meet in the uterus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fusion of a sperm and an ovum?

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, the first mitotic divisions produce cells known as __________.

    <p>blastomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Morula = A solid ball of cells resulting from division of the zygote Blastocyst = A structure with an outer trophoblast and inner cell mass Chorionic villi = Finger-like projections that help form the placenta Placenta = The structure that facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between mother and embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the secondary oocyte during fertilization?

    <p>It completes its meiotic division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sex of the baby is determined by the mother.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium during the process called __________.

    <p>implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the placenta during pregnancy that helps to maintain it?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mesoderm is the outer layer formed during the differentiation of the inner cell mass.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the process through which the fetus is delivered.

    <p>Parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average duration of human pregnancy is about _______ months.

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their sources:

    <p>hCG = Produced by the placenta Relaxin = Secreted by the ovary Prolactin = Produced by the pituitary gland Estrogens = Produced by the placenta and ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of the second month of pregnancy, what major development occurs in the fetus?

    <p>Development of limbs and digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones like cortisol and thyroxine are decreased during pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cells called that have the ability to differentiate into all types of tissues?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?

    <p>Zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The follicular phase occurs before the menstrual phase in the menstrual cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from the Graafian follicle during ovulation?

    <p>Secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transformation of the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle into the _______ occurs during the luteal phase.

    <p>corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Menstrual phase = Involves shedding of the endometrial lining Follicular phase = Formation and maturation of follicles Ovulatory phase = Release of the ovum Luteal phase = Formation of corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?

    <p>Puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menarche is the term used to describe the end of the menstrual cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the rupture of the Graafian follicle?

    <p>LH surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the placenta to help maintain pregnancy?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ectoderm is the inner layer formed during the differentiation of the inner cell mass.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average duration of human pregnancy?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during parturition is called ______.

    <p>oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones to their functions:

    <p>hCG = Maintains pregnancy hPL = Prepares breasts for lactation Relaxin = Facilitates childbirth Oxytocin = Stimulates uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental phase comes after the formation of limbs and digits in the fetus?

    <p>Major organ systems developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells can give rise to all types of tissues and organs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary layers that develop from the inner cell mass?

    <p>Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Supply oxygen and nutrients to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the blastocyst form when it becomes embedded in the endometrium?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called ______.

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast during pregnancy?

    <p>Chorionic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The motile sperm must reach the ampullary region of the fallopian tube for fertilization to occur.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, the zygote undergoes a series of divisions, forming cells called ______.

    <p>blastomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the zona pellucida during oogenesis?

    <p>It surrounds the secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first meiotic division of oogenesis continues immediately after birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the ovum get released?

    <p>Ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform into the ______ during the luteal phase.

    <p>corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is menarche?

    <p>The first menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their characteristics:

    <p>Menstrual phase = Breakdown of endometrium Follicular phase = Maturation of follicles Ovulatory phase = Release of ovum Luteal phase = Formation of corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary follicle directly becomes the Graafian follicle without any intermediary stages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner cell mass of the blastocyst develops into the embryo.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when the haploid nucleus of the sperm fuses with that of the ovum?

    <p>diploid zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The motile sperm must swim through the cervix and enter the ______ for fertilization.

    <p>uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Chorionic villi = Facilitates nutrient exchange Trophoblast = Attaches to endometrium Blastomeres = Early embryonic cells Morula = Solid ball of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the changes in the zona pellucida to block additional sperm entry during fertilization?

    <p>Contact with the sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating stronger uterine contractions during parturition?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process that follows fertilization is called implantation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do fertilization and the transport of the ovum and sperm take place?

    <p>Ampullary region of the fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of delivery of the fetus is called ______.

    <p>parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of 12 weeks of pregnancy, what major development is mostly complete?

    <p>Development of major organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells can only differentiate into a limited number of tissue types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant role does the placenta play during pregnancy?

    <p>Endocrine function, nutrient transfer, waste removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus luteum is formed from the Graafian follicle after ovulation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the menstrual cycle involves the release of the ovum?

    <p>Ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first menstruation, which occurs at puberty, is called __________.

    <p>menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle are primary follicles maturing into Graafian follicles?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relaxin is produced during pregnancy by the ovaries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of oogenesis with their descriptions:

    <p>Oogonia = Undifferentiated germ cells that multiply Primary oocyte = Undergoes meiosis and arrests at prophase I Secondary oocyte = Released during ovulation Polar body = Small cell that does not divide further</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three germ layers that develop from the inner cell mass?

    <p>Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of childbirth is called __________.

    <p>parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during oogenesis divides further.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of pregnancy are most major organ systems well-developed?

    <p>End of 12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body of the fetus is covered with fine hair by the end of 24 weeks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of oxytocin during parturition?

    <p>Signals from the fully developed fetus and the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fusion of the sperm and the ovum?

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After implantation, the finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast are called __________.

    <p>chorionic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the corpus luteum is true?

    <p>It is essential for the maintenance of the endometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>To facilitate the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and remove waste products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium?

    <p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the finger-like projections that appear on the trophoblast after implantation?

    <p>Chorionic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The union of a sperm and an ovum is known as ______.

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of early development with their descriptions:

    <p>Zygote = The fertilized egg that results from the union of sperm and ovum Blastomere = The individual cells formed by the cleavage of the zygote Morula = A solid ball of cells resulting from division of the zygote Blastocyst = The stage where the embryo develops an inner cell mass and trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fertilization, what layer of the ovum does the sperm penetrate?

    <p>Zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trophoblast layer of the blastocyst eventually forms the placenta.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first meiotic division of the secondary oocyte occurs during ______.

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the placenta and is vital for maintaining pregnancy?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parturition involves the expulsion of the fetus only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary germ layers that arise from the inner cell mass?

    <p>Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormonal signal that triggers uterine contractions during parturition?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of the ____ trimester, most major organ systems are well-developed.

    <p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The luteal phase occurs immediately after ovulation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary oocyte arrested in during oogenesis?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first menstruation is known as ______.

    <p>menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of the menstrual cycle with their characteristics:

    <p>Menstrual phase = Breakdown of the endometrium Follicular phase = Maturation of Graafian follicle Ovulatory phase = Release of the ovum Luteal phase = Formation of corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the menstrual flow occur?

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during meiosis in oogenesis continues to divide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is produced by the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average duration of human pregnancy in months?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following layers of the embryo with their descriptions:

    <p>Ectoderm = Forms the outer layer of the embryo Mesoderm = Forms the middle layer of the embryo Endoderm = Forms the inner layer of the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone helps in the relaxation of connective tissues to facilitate childbirth?

    <p>Relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the end of 12 weeks of pregnancy, most major organ systems are well-developed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone triggers stronger uterine contractions during parturition?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>To facilitate the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sperm must reach the ampullary region of the fallopian tube at the same time as the ovum for fertilization to occur.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast called?

    <p>chorionic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fusion of the sperm and ovum results in the formation of a __________.

    <p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What induces the completion of the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte?

    <p>Entry of the sperm into the ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner cell mass of the blastocyst differentiates into the placenta.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what process does the blastocyst become embedded in the endometrium?

    <p>implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of oogenesis is the primary oocyte arrested?

    <p>Prophase I of meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?

    <p>zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reproductive cycle in female primates is known as the ______ cycle.

    <p>menstrual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process releases the secondary oocyte from the ovary?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Graafian follicle transforms into the corpus luteum during the follicular phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average duration of the menstrual cycle in humans?

    <p>28-29 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What name is given to the mature follicle that forms before ovulation?

    <p>Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle follows ovulation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cell produced after the completion of meiosis I in oogenesis?

    <p>secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phase of the menstrual cycle characterized by the shedding of the endometrium is known as the ______ phase.

    <p>menstrual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of oogenesis with their respective stages:

    <p>Oogonia = Multiply by mitosis Primary oocyte = Arrested in prophase I Secondary oocyte = Released during ovulation Polar body = Does not undergo further division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what phase does the LH surge occur, leading to ovulation?

    <p>Ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during oogenesis divides further after meiosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for inducing stronger uterine contractions during parturition?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>To facilitate gas and nutrient exchange between the mother and fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gestation period for human pregnancy lasts approximately 10 months.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three layers that develop from the inner cell mass during embryonic development?

    <p>ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization occurs only when the ovum and sperm are transported simultaneously to the isthmus of the fallopian tube.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of delivering the fetus is referred to as ______.

    <p>parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ______ occurs when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium.

    <p>implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major developments occur in the fetus by the end of 12 weeks (first trimester)?

    <p>Full organ system development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of embryonic development with their descriptions:

    <p>Zygote = Fertilized egg formed after fusion of sperm and ovum Morula = Solid ball of cells before blastocyst formation Blastocyst = A hollow ball of cells consisting of trophoblast and inner cell mass Placenta = Organ that forms for nutrient and gas exchange during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the blastocyst becomes differentiated as the embryo?

    <p>Inner cell mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells only have the potential to become nerve cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secondary oocyte completes its meiotic division upon fusion with a sperm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increase in levels of hormones like cortisol and _______ is observed during pregnancy.

    <p>thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The luteal phase occurs before the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phase that begins with the breakdown of the endometrium?

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The surge of _______________ leads to ovulation.

    <p>LH (luteinizing hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their descriptions:

    <p>Menstrual phase = 3-5 days of shedding the endometrial lining Follicular phase = Development of follicles to Graafian follicle Ovulatory phase = Release of the ovum from the ovary Luteal phase = Formation of the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase are primary oocytes activated to complete meiosis I?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured Graafian follicle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the first polar body produced during oogenesis?

    <p>It does not undergo further division and eventually degenerates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during parturition?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta is only responsible for the transportation of nutrients to the fetus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone levels are increased several-fold in maternal blood during pregnancy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells in the inner cell mass have the ability to differentiate into specific tissues and organs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of delivery of the fetus?

    <p>Parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization can occur if the ovum and sperm are not transported simultaneously to the ampullary region.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the finger-like projections on the trophoblast called?

    <p>chorionic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure formed when the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium is called the ______.

    <p>implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the secondary oocyte during fertilization?

    <p>It divides unequally to form a haploid ovum and a polar body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the fusion of the haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum?

    <p>diploid zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is formed after ovulation from the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during oogenesis divides further to form additional cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?

    <p>zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phase of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and lasts for 3-5 days is called the ______ phase.

    <p>menstrual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each phase of the menstrual cycle with its description:

    <p>Menstrual phase = Lining of the uterus sheds Follicular phase = Graafian follicle matures Ovulatory phase = Release of the ovum Luteal phase = Formation of the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of oogenesis does the primary oocyte complete meiosis I?

    <p>At puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovulation occurs at the beginning of the menstrual cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What average duration does a menstrual cycle repeat in humans?

    <p>28-29 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the ovary later in pregnancy to aid in relaxation of the pelvic ligaments?

    <p>Relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta is solely responsible for the production of all hormones during pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to pregnancy with their definitions:

    <p>Parturition = The process of childbirth Gestation period = Average duration of pregnancy Oxytocin = Hormone that stimulates uterine contractions Human chorionic gonadotropin = Hormone produced during early pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of 12 weeks, most of the major organ systems of the fetus are well-developed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of stem cells in the inner cell mass?

    <p>They have the potency to give rise to all tissues and organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of the blastocyst that aids in implantation called?

    <p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta is formed by the fusion of embryonic tissue and uterine tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure does the zygote develop into as it moves towards the uterus?

    <p>Morula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fusion of a sperm with an ovum during fertilization takes place in the __________.

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to fertilization with their definitions:

    <p>Acrosome = Structure that facilitates entry of sperm into the ovum Polar body = Cell produced during oogenesis that does not develop into an egg Zygote = The diploid cell formed after the fusion of sperm and ovum Blastocyst = Structure formed after the morula stage with an inner cell mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Facilitating nutrient and waste exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner cell mass of the blastocyst eventually develops into the placenta.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes its meiotic division and forms a __________.

    <p>haploid ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is equal, resulting in two haploid cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the projections that develop on the trophoblast called?

    <p>chorionic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer layer of the blastocyst is called the ______.

    <p>trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sex of a baby is determined by the mother's genetic contribution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when the blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium?

    <p>implanted blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the connective structure between the placenta and the embryo?

    <p>Umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone relaxin is secreted by the ovary only after the baby is delivered.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of childbirth is referred to as __________.

    <p>parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development are the major organ systems of the fetus well-developed?

    <p>By the end of 12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average duration of human pregnancy is about 12 months.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the process of parturition?

    <p>Fully developed fetus and placenta signaling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the corpus luteum?

    <p>To maintain the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second meiotic division is completed before the ovum is released from the ovary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the menstrual cycle consists of the breakdown of the endometrium?

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone that surges to induce ovulation is known as ______.

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phase of oogenesis with its description:

    <p>Oogenesis = Formation of mature female gametes Oogonia = Cells that develop into primary oocytes Primary oocyte = Cell undergoing the first meiotic division Secondary oocyte = Cell that retains most cytoplasm after meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Graafian follicle ruptures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during oogenesis goes on to participate in fertilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during oogenesis can undergo further divisions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of releasing the ovum from the ovary is known as ______.

    <p>ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of the menstrual cycle with their main events:

    <p>Menstrual phase = Breakdown of the endometrium and menstrual flow Follicular phase = Maturation of primary follicles to Graafian follicles Ovulatory phase = Release of the ovum Luteal phase = Formation of corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do primary oocytes complete meiosis I?

    <p>At puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menarche signals the end of the menstrual cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the zona pellucida?

    <p>To protect the secondary oocyte and facilitate fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta is only involved in nutrient transfer between the mother and the fetus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of which month of pregnancy are most major organ systems developed?

    <p>Third month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner cell mass contains stem cells that can differentiate into various types of tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that describes the delivery of the fetus?

    <p>Parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Maintain the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where the blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium?

    <p>implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure formed by the fusion of a sperm and an ovum is called a ______.

    <p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key components formed in the blastocyst?

    <p>Trophoblast and inner cell mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The zona pellucida helps prevent the entry of multiple sperms during fertilization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trophoblast during implantation?

    <p>To form the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sex of the baby is determined exclusively by the mother.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed immediately after the fusion of the sperm and ovum?

    <p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fertilized ovum undergoes divisions to become a __________.

    <p>blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What induces changes in the membrane of the ovum during fertilization?

    <p>Acrosome secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is equal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the structure that forms between the developing embryo and the maternal body after implantation.

    <p>placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta is expelled from the uterus before the infant is delivered.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important development occurs in the fetus by the end of the first month of pregnancy?

    <p>Development of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones such as cortisol and thyroxine remain at normal levels during pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a fetus is delivered?

    <p>Parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structure that surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?

    <p>Zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body formed during oogenesis divides further to contribute to oocyte development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the menstrual cycle involves the breakdown of the endometrium?

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary is known as ______.

    <p>ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point during oogenesis does the primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?

    <p>At puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone surge triggers ovulation?

    <p>LH (Luteinizing hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus luteum forms from the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle after ovulation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the interface between the developing embryo and the maternal body?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when a blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium?

    <p>implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fusion of a sperm and an ovum is called __________.

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for inducing uterine contractions during parturition?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Morula = An early stage of embryo development with 8-16 cells Zygote = The cell formed from the fusion of sperm and ovum Blastocyst = A structure formed after the morula that becomes implanted Chorionic villi = Finger-like projections that develop on the trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the blastocyst is responsible for implantation into the endometrium?

    <p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of fertilization requires the simultaneous transport of the ovum and sperm to the isthmus of the oviduct.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells does the developing zygote form as it undergoes mitotic divisions?

    <p>blastomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of delivering the fetus is known as ______.

    <p>parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary functions:

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) = Maintains the corpus luteum Relaxin = Relaxes uterine muscles Human placental lactogen (hPL) = Regulates maternal metabolism Oxytocin = Stimulates uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the placenta to the embryo?

    <p>Umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of 12 weeks of pregnancy, most major organ systems of the fetus are developed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells in the inner cell mass are capable of differentiating into various tissues?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase follows the menstrual phase in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of releasing the ovum from the ovary is called ______.

    <p>ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle is the endometrial lining broken down?

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oogenesis produces more than one mature ovum in each cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of oogenesis?

    <p>Formation of mature female gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during oogenesis continues to divide and mature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the phase that lasts for 3-5 days, involving the breakdown of the endometrium?

    <p>Menstrual phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The surge of __________ hormone triggers the release of the ovum.

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following occurs during the follicular phase?

    <p>Growth of primary follicles into a Graafian follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menarche is the term used to describe the onset of menstruation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the secondary oocyte after its formation?

    <p>Zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure becomes embedded in the endometrium during implantation?

    <p>Blastocyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the mitotic divisions of the zygote while traveling through the oviduct?

    <p>Cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chorionic villi develop from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone relaxin is produced only by the placenta during pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary germ layers formed from the inner cell mass?

    <p>ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones produced during pregnancy with their primary functions:

    <p>hCG = Maintains the corpus luteum hPL = Supports fetal growth Estrogens = Stimulates uterine growth Progestogens = Maintains the uterine lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point in pregnancy does the fetus develop major organ systems?

    <p>End of 12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average duration of human pregnancy is approximately 12 weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relaxin is produced by the ovary only during pregnancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures form the three primary layers from the inner cell mass?

    <p>Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary roles:

    <p>Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) = Maintains corpus luteum Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) = Supports fetal growth Relaxin = Prepares the cervix for childbirth Oxytocin = Stimulates uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of the first month of pregnancy, the embryo’s heart is formed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the placenta support the fetus during pregnancy?

    <p>By producing hormones and providing nutrient exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>To prepare the endometrium for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oogonia undergo meiotic division to form primary oocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is formed around the secondary oocyte during oogenesis?

    <p>zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rupture of the Graafian follicle to release the ovum is known as ______.

    <p>ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menarche is the term used to describe the cessation of menstruation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the chorionic villi during pregnancy?

    <p>To facilitate nutrient and gas exchange between the embryo and maternal body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the functional unit between the developing embryo and the maternal body?

    <p>placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cells produced after the first mitotic divisions of the zygote are called __________.

    <p>blastomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages with their descriptions:

    <p>Fertilization = Fusion of sperm and ovum Morula = Embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres Blastocyst = Structure that embeds in the endometrium Implantation = Embedding of the blastocyst into the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event blocks the entry of additional sperms during fertilization?

    <p>Change in the ovum's zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blastocyst consists of a single layer of cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum to maintain the endometrium?

    <p>progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the outer layer of the blastocyst?

    <p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sperm and ovum must reach the ampullary region of the fallopian tube at different times for fertilization to occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of the embryo becoming embedded in the endometrium is called ______.

    <p>implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding fertilization?

    <p>The zona pellucida blocks entry of additional sperm after one has entered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit called that forms between the developing embryo and the maternal body?

    <p>placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the primary oocyte at puberty?

    <p>It begins to undergo meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body formed during oogenesis continues to divide after its formation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when the Graafian follicle ruptures?

    <p>secondary oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phase of the menstrual cycle that involves the growth of follicles is called the ______ phase.

    <p>follicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The remaining parts of the Graafian follicle are transformed into the ______ during the luteal phase.

    <p>corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The menstrual cycle lasts for an average of 28 days in humans.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placenta during pregnancy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that leads to childbirth?

    <p>parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three layers of tissue that develop from the inner cell mass are called the ectoderm, mesoderm, and __________.

    <p>endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta is expelled from the uterus after the delivery of the baby.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone triggers uterine contractions during parturition?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three layers that develop from the inner cell mass are the ______, ______, and ______.

    <p>ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary roles during pregnancy:

    <p>hCG = Maintains corpus luteum hPL = Regulates maternal metabolism Relaxin = Relaxes uterine muscles Prolactin = Stimulates milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fetal development occurs by the end of the second month of pregnancy?

    <p>Development of limbs and digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta is expelled out of the uterus immediately after birth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms from the fusion of the haploid nuclei of the sperm and the ovum?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that involves delivery of the fetus?

    <p>Parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process where the blastocyst attaches and becomes embedded in the endometrium?

    <p>implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The layer of cells that develops from the trophoblast and forms part of the placenta is called __________.

    <p>chorionic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase occurs after fertilization and involves the division of the zygote?

    <p>Morula stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The motile sperm must reach the fertilized egg in the uterus for fertilization to occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the primary oocyte after it completes meiosis I?

    <p>It becomes a secondary oocyte and a polar body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The luteal phase occurs before ovulation in the menstrual cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The membrane that surrounds the secondary oocyte is called the _______.

    <p>zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of oogenesis with their descriptions:

    <p>Oogonia = Divides to form primary oocytes Primary oocyte = Arrested in prophase I Secondary oocyte = Formed after meiosis I Polar body = Does not undergo further division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menarche refers to the average duration of the menstrual cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes ovulation to occur in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>LH surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta is connected to the embryo through a structure called the umbilical cord.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary layers formed by the inner cell mass during embryonic development?

    <p>Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the end of which trimester are most major organ systems developed in the fetus?

    <p>First trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The zona pellucida layer of the ovum allows multiple sperm to enter during fertilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilization occurs in the ______ region of the fallopian tube.

    <p>ampullary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step that occurs after fertilization?

    <p>Mitotic division of the zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The menstrual cycle in female primates is repeated every 28-29 days on average.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the LH surge occur?

    <p>Ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first menstruation in a female is referred to as ______.

    <p>menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is formed from the primary oocyte after it completes meiosis I?

    <p>Polar body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during oogenesis continues to divide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Graafian follicle during ovulation?

    <p>It ruptures to release the secondary oocyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily retained by the secondary oocyte after meiosis I?

    <p>Nutrient-rich cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The menstrual cycle averages 28-29 days in duration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle that occur after menstruation?

    <p>Follicular phase and ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which a mature ovum is released from the ovary is called __________.

    <p>ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At puberty, primary oocytes complete meiosis I to become __________.

    <p>secondary oocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first polar body produced during oogenesis completes further divisions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released by the maternal pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during parturition?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ectoderm is the outermost layer formed during the differentiation of the inner cell mass.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average gestation period for human pregnancy?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The placenta acts as an endocrine tissue, producing hormones like _____ and _____ during pregnancy.

    <p>hCG, hPL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What development occurs by the end of the first month of pregnancy?

    <p>Development of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into only a few types of tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a sperm and an ovum fuse together?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blastocyst is formed before the morula during embryonic development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diploid cell formed after the fusion of sperm and ovum is called a ______.

    <p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of early embryonic development with their descriptions:

    <p>Zygote = The initial cell formed from the fusion of sperm and ovum Morula = A solid ball of cells formed from repeated cell divisions Blastocyst = A hollow structure formed from the morula Implantation = The process of embedding the blastocyst in the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What facilitates the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sex of the baby is primarily determined by the mother.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur simultaneously for fertilization to happen?

    <p>The ovum and sperm must be transported to the ampullary region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reproductive System

    • Humans reproduce sexually and are viviparous
    • Male reproductive system: testes, accessory ducts, glands, external genitalia
    • Testes contain lobules with seminiferous tubules (sperm formation)
    • Spermatogonia divide to form sperm; Sertoli cells nourish germ cells.
    • Leydig cells produce testosterone
    • Female reproductive system: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
    • Ovaries produce ova and hormones (estrogen, progesterone)
    • Oviducts transport ova to the uterus
    • Uterus supports the developing embryo
    • Male external genitalia is called penis
    • Women's external genitalia includes mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris

    Menstrual Cycle

    • The female reproductive cycle involves menstruation
    • The cycle of events (menarche to menopause) is approximately 28-29 days
    • The cycle starts with menstruation (3-5 days), followed by the follicular phase
    • Follicles in the ovary develop, estrogen levels increase, and the uterine lining thickens
    • Ovulation occurs (mid-cycle) when an ovum is released from a mature follicle, triggered by an LH surge
    • Luteal phase: corpus luteum develops and secretes progesterone; the uterine lining continues to thicken
    • If fertilization doesn't occur, corpus luteum degenerates, estrogen and progesterone levels drop, and menstrual flow begins
    • Hormones regulate cycle
    • Menstrual flow results from breakdown of endometrial lining and blood vessels, which leaves the body via the vagina
    • There are follicular and luteal phases in the menstrual cycle
    • Follicular phase: characterized by follicle development, increased estrogen, and uterine lining thickening
    • Luteal phase: occurs after ovulation, characterized by corpus luteum development and increased progesterone, maintaining the uterine lining
    • Cycle of events occurs from one menstruation to the next
    • Menstruation occurs if the released ovum is not fertilized, resulting from breakdown of the uterine lining
    • Major events of the menstrual cycle are shown in Figure 2.9
    • The cycle starts with the menstrual phase
    • Menstrual phase lasts 3–5 days; menstrual flow results from breakdown of endometrial lining; occurs if ovum isn't fertilized
    • Menstruation followed by follicular phase, where primary follicles grow into a mature Graafian follicle; endometrial lining thickens
    • During the follicular phase, pituitary hormones (FSH & LH) increase, leading to follicle development, and stimulation of estrogen secretion
    • Rapid secretion of LH (LH surge) in mid-cycle triggers ovulation
    • Ovulation is followed by the luteal phase; corpus luteum develops, secreting progesterone, which maintains endometrium
    • Lack of menstruation may indicate pregnancy or other factors like stress or illness
    • The menstrual cycle is regulated by pituitary and ovarian hormones
    • The menstrual cycle involves significant hormonal changes (estrogen and progesterone) controlling the uterine lining (endometrium) and follicle development (ovary), culminating in ovulation (ovum release)

    Fertilization and Pregnancy

    • Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and ovum in the fallopian tube (ampulla region)
    • Zygote: Fertilized ovum that develops into an embryo
    • Embryo implants in the uterine wall
    • Placenta develops, allowing exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and embryo
    • Pregnancy lasts approximately nine months
    • Hormones such as HCG, hPL, estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin are involved in pregnancy and fetal development
    • Parturition: Labor, uterine contractions lead to birth of a baby
    • Fertilization and the processes of sperm/ovum and oocyte development are regulated by hormones, including LH and FSH
    • Implantation occurs in the uterine wall, and leads to pregnancy
    • During copulation (coitus) semen is released by the penis, motile sperms enter the uterus and reach the ampulla region of the fallopian tubes where fertilization takes place
    • Fertilization occurs if ovum and sperms are simultaneously present in fallopian ampulla region
    • The process of fusion of sperm with an ovum is called fertilization
    • The corona radiata layer of the ovum helps the sperm enter and blocks the entry of other sperm
    • Completion of Meiosis II in the oocyte after fertilization
    • Formation of diploid zygote from haploid gametes
    • Sperm, moving through the female reproductive tract, eventually reaches the ampullary region of the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs.
    • Fertilization only occurs if sperm and ovum are simultaneously in the ampullary region

    Embryonic Development

    • Early embryonic development includes cell division (cleavage), blastocyst formation and implantation
    • Formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers
    • Different stages of embryonic development occur during gestation
    • Organs develop and tissues differentiate, in various months of the gestation
    • Sex determination occurs at fertilization, based on sperm carrying X or Y chromosome
    • Zygotes with XX develop into females and XY into males
    • Embryo develops into blastomeres, then morula, then blastocyst
    • Blastocyst implants in the uterine wall
    • Implantation: Blastocyst embedding in uterine wall

    Lactation

    • Mammary glands differentiate during pregnancy
    • Milk production starts after childbirth (lactation)
    • Colostrum (initial milk) provides antibodies to the newborn

    Reproduction Summary

    • Humans are sexually reproducing, viviparous, and have internal fertilization

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    Human Reproduction PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate details of the human reproductive system, including the male and female anatomy and functions. Understand the phases of the menstrual cycle, from menstruation to ovulation. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of reproductive health and biology.

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