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Questions and Answers
What are the chromosomal designs for female and male individuals?
What are the chromosomal designs for female and male individuals?
What is Turner Syndrome characterized by?
What is Turner Syndrome characterized by?
What condition results from nondisjunction during meiosis?
What condition results from nondisjunction during meiosis?
What total number of chromosomes is associated with Klinefelter syndrome?
What total number of chromosomes is associated with Klinefelter syndrome?
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At what stage of development does the Bipotential Gonad occur?
At what stage of development does the Bipotential Gonad occur?
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What are the male and female gametes called?
What are the male and female gametes called?
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During which stage of egg production does the female form primary oocytes?
During which stage of egg production does the female form primary oocytes?
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What hormones do ovaries primarily produce?
What hormones do ovaries primarily produce?
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Which structure connects the gonads to the external environment?
Which structure connects the gonads to the external environment?
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What is the outcome of spermatogonia undergoing meiosis?
What is the outcome of spermatogonia undergoing meiosis?
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At what stage does egg production begin during fetal development?
At what stage does egg production begin during fetal development?
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What is the term used for the fertilized egg that develops into an embryo?
What is the term used for the fertilized egg that develops into an embryo?
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What change occurs in spermatogonia during puberty?
What change occurs in spermatogonia during puberty?
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What is the role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in the female HPG axis?
What is the role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in the female HPG axis?
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During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
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Which hormone is involved in the release of gametes from the gonads?
Which hormone is involved in the release of gametes from the gonads?
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What initiates the menstrual cycle by removing the endometrium?
What initiates the menstrual cycle by removing the endometrium?
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What is the approximate duration of the menstrual cycle?
What is the approximate duration of the menstrual cycle?
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In the male reproductive system, where is DHT primarily produced?
In the male reproductive system, where is DHT primarily produced?
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What physiological changes occur in the female reproductive system during the menstrual cycle?
What physiological changes occur in the female reproductive system during the menstrual cycle?
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Which of the following describes the initial phase of the ovarian cycle?
Which of the following describes the initial phase of the ovarian cycle?
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What is the effect of the SRY gene on the bipotential gonad?
What is the effect of the SRY gene on the bipotential gonad?
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Which duct degenerates in male embryonic development due to the action of Anti Mullerian hormone?
Which duct degenerates in male embryonic development due to the action of Anti Mullerian hormone?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for the development of the male external genitalia?
What hormone is primarily responsible for the development of the male external genitalia?
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In the absence of the SRY gene, what structure does the cortex develop into?
In the absence of the SRY gene, what structure does the cortex develop into?
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Which hormones are produced by the ovary around week 7 of female embryonic development?
Which hormones are produced by the ovary around week 7 of female embryonic development?
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What happens to the Wolffian duct in female embryonic development?
What happens to the Wolffian duct in female embryonic development?
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Which structure is formed from the Mullerian duct in females?
Which structure is formed from the Mullerian duct in females?
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What is the bipotential stage characterized by?
What is the bipotential stage characterized by?
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What triggers the switch from a negative to a positive feedback loop in the female HPG axis?
What triggers the switch from a negative to a positive feedback loop in the female HPG axis?
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During which phase of the ovarian cycle does FSH secretion increase significantly?
During which phase of the ovarian cycle does FSH secretion increase significantly?
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What occurs at Day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
What occurs at Day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
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What is the role of neural progesterone in the ovulatory process?
What is the role of neural progesterone in the ovulatory process?
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What happens to the follicle after the secondary oocyte is released?
What happens to the follicle after the secondary oocyte is released?
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What primary function does the ovarian cycle serve?
What primary function does the ovarian cycle serve?
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Which hormone surge is crucial for triggering ovulation?
Which hormone surge is crucial for triggering ovulation?
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What is the regulated variable in the negative feedback loop involving FSH and estradiol?
What is the regulated variable in the negative feedback loop involving FSH and estradiol?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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What are the three layers of the uterus from innermost to outermost?
What are the three layers of the uterus from innermost to outermost?
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What phase of the uterine cycle involves the thickening of the uterine wall due to rising estrogen levels?
What phase of the uterine cycle involves the thickening of the uterine wall due to rising estrogen levels?
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During which phase of the uterine cycle is progesterone the dominant hormone?
During which phase of the uterine cycle is progesterone the dominant hormone?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after fertilization occurs?
What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum after fertilization occurs?
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What hormone does the placenta produce starting from week 7 of pregnancy?
What hormone does the placenta produce starting from week 7 of pregnancy?
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Which hormone primarily blocks GnRh secretion from the hypothalamus during pregnancy?
Which hormone primarily blocks GnRh secretion from the hypothalamus during pregnancy?
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What best describes the primary purpose of the uterine cycle?
What best describes the primary purpose of the uterine cycle?
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Study Notes
Module 12: Reproductive PYSO
- Biological sex is complex, involving chromosomal sex and gonadal sex.
- There's no single, perfect definition of biological sex, even scientifically.
- Reproduction starts with gametes, the reproductive cells.
- Female gamete is the oocyte/egg cell.
- Male gamete is sperm.
- Fertilized egg is a zygote, which develops into an embryo and then a fetus.
- Sex organs produce gametes, including gonads (testes and ovaries).
- Internal genitalia help connect gonads to the external environment.
Gonads
- Males: Testes produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.
- Females: Ovaries produce eggs (oocytes) and the hormones estradiol and progesterone.
- All cells begin as undifferentiated germ cells that become sex cells (eggs & sperm).
Sperm Production
- Male reproductive development begins with germ cells before puberty.
- During puberty, hormone levels increase (from the hypo).
- Spermatogonia undergo meiosis to create sperm.
Egg Production (Oogenesis)
- Egg production, oogenesis, starts during fetal development (week 10).
- Oogenesis is complete around birth.
- Results in the formation of primary oocytes
- When a female is born, she has primordial follicles that will create her children.
- Secondary oocytes are then formed during ootidogenesis.
- Ovum is the final stage of egg formation.
Sex Determination
- Diploid cells (except sperm and eggs) have 46 chromosomes.
- 22 pairs are autosomal chromosomes (determining traits like hair color, blood type).
- Sex chromosomes determine genetic/chromosomal sex (XX for females, XY for males).
Variations in Sex
- Monosomy is a type of nondisjunction.
- Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.
- Offspring may only receive one sex chromosome instead of two, like in Turner Syndrome (only one X chromosome received).
- Polyploidy occurs with incomplete homologous separation during meiosis.
- Examples include Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) and Jacob's syndrome (XYY).
Differentiation of Reproductive Structures
- Reproductive structures develop similarly in early stages (first 6 weeks).
- Week 7 marks the bipotential gonad stage.
- Structures could develop into testes (if SRY gene present) or ovaries (if no SRY gene present).
- Medulla, cortex, Mullerian duct, and Wolffian duct are involved.
SRY Gene
- The SRY gene is the driving force in determining development into testes.
- Absence of SRY leads to ovary development.
- Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) causes degeneration of Mullerian duct during male development; otherwise, the Wolffian duct develops further, into the vas deferens, epididymis.
- Male hormones are created to trigger development in the external male genitalia.
- DHT (dihidrotestosterone) is a potent male hormone.
Female Embryonic Development
- Without SRY, the cortex develops into an ovary.
- Wolffian duct degenerates, while Mullerian duct forms into the female reproductive tract (vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes).
Bipotential Stage
- Urethral groove, tubercle, genital folds, labioscrotal swelling
Hormones Impacting External Genitalia
Intersex Individuals
- Variation includes several conditions with varying degrees of variation with the sex traits.
HPG Axis
- A hormonal regulating system for both males and females (hypothalamus, pituitary, gonad)
- GnRH is released from hypothalamus, affecting anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH.
- FSH and LH affect gonad development and hormone production.
Female HPG Axis and Menstrual Cycle
- Controls physiological changes in ovaries and uterus.
- Menstrual cycle is approximately 28 days.
- Ovarian cycle develops follicle.
- Ovulation phase releases oocyte.
- Uterine cycle prepares uterine lining.
- There is a 3 phase follicular phase, ovulation phase, and luteal phase in the ovarian cycle.
Feedback Loops
- Negative feedback loop is when a higher amount of something causes a release or stop in the production of that something.
- Positive feedback loop is when a higher amount of something causes more production of that something.
- The variable is estradiol, and the feedback loops are affecting FSH and LH concentrations.
Ovulation
- Ovulation is the release of the egg (oocyte) from the ovary.
- Neural progesterone triggers this process.
- LH spikes, causing the release.
- More estradiol is produced as a result of the spike of LH.
The Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
- During ovarian cycle there are defined phases
- Follicular phase (Days 1-14) occurs with increasing FSH and development of follicles.
- Ovulation (Day 14) occurs with a surge of LH and release of egg.
- During luteal phase, formation of corpus luteum and progesterone are occurring.
- Uterine cycle is the maturation of uterine lining, which is shed during the menstrual cycle.
Uterus
- Made of three layers: endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
- Endometrium lining is important for fertilization, it's thickened to prepare for implantation.
Placenta
- Produces hormones, including progesterone (to sustain pregnancy), estradiol, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- hCG maintains corpus luteum early in pregnancy, ensuring progesterone production.
Birth
- Placenta changes hormone levels prior to birth.
- Progesterone levels decrease while oxytocin and inhibin levels increase, leading to more stretch of the cervix.
Male Reproductive System
- Includes organs like testes (gonads), prostate, seminal vesicles.
- Testes produce sperm and hormones.
- Spermatogenesis and hormones (testosterone, DHT) are critical.
- Leydig cells and sertoli cells have varying roles in sperm development and hormone production.
- Accessory glands secrete fluid to support sperm.
Male HPG Axis
- Hypothalamus, pituitary/anterior pituitary, and testes are involved in the production and regulation of hormones for male functions.
- GnRH, FSH, LH, and Testosterone are important for male reproduction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on human reproductive biology, including chromosomal designs, syndromes, hormones, and developmental stages. This quiz covers various essential concepts related to male and female gametes, the menstrual cycle, and genetic conditions. Perfect for students studying biology or human anatomy.
