Human Reproduction: Key Facts

Incorrect Match

• Testicular lobules in each testis: 250 is the incorrect match.
• Mammary Lobes are 15-20 in each breast.
• A healthy human male has a sperm count of 200-300 million per ejaculate.
• The number of primary follicles in each ovary at puberty in a healthy human female is 6000-8000.

Reproductive Events Sequence

• The correct sequence of reproductive events in humans is: Gametogenesis → Insemination → Fertilization → Implantation → Gestation → Parturition

Birth Canal

• The birth canal consists of the vagina and cervix.

Lactation Process

• The lactation process includes the synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk.
• Prolactin contributes to the structural development of mammary lobules.

Incorrect Matching

• Gametogenesis relating to the formation of gametes is not matched correctly to diploid cells which undergo meiosis.
• Parturition relates to the delivery of the baby.
• Fertilization relates to sperm swimming towards the egg.

Chromosome Sets During Gametogenesis

• Oogonium and primary spermatocytes both have complete two sets of chromosomes during gametogenesis in humans.

Human Reproduction Events Sequence

• Gametogenesis → Insemination → Syngamy → Zygote → Cleavage → Cell differentiation → Organogenesis is the sequence of events in human reproduction.

Second Meiotic Division

• The secondary oocyte starts the second meiotic division after the entry of sperm.

Primary Oocyte Division Products

• One primary oocyte produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body after the first meiotic division during oogenesis in humans.

Sperm and Ova Production

• 100 primary spermatocytes produce 400 sperms.
• 100 primary oocytes produce 100 ova.

Dominant Ovarian Hormones

• Estrogens dominate as ovarian hormones during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle.

Incorrect Homologous Structures Match

• Labia minora - Scrotum is the incorrect pairing of homologous structures in the human reproductive system.
• Clitoris - Penis are homologous structures.
• Skene's gland - Prostate gland are homologous structures.
• Bartholin's gland - Bulbourethral glands are homologous structures.

Gonadal Function Regulation

• A: Adenohypophysis
• B: LH
• C: Spermatogenesis
• D: Testosterone

Zona Pellucida

• The zona pellucida is secreted by the secondary oocyte.

Spermatozoa

• When spermatozoa first encounter the ovulated egg, they invade the corona radiata to enter.

Sperm Path

• The correct path of sperms from their origin to the urethral meatus is Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis → Vasa efferentia → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra

Ovum Release

• After ovulation, the ovum is released from the ovary into the infundibulum.

Fertilization Location

• Fertilization in human females takes place in the ampulla.

Embryonic Development Steps

• Syngamy is the first step
• Implantation is the last step in human embryonic development.

Fertilization and Pregnancy Requirements

• All copulations do not result in fertilization and pregnancy, because, oocyte and sperms must simultaneously reach the ampulla part of fallopian tube to result in successful fertilization .

Fertilization Time

• The ideal time for fertilization in a female of reproductive age is the 14th day from the first day of menstruation in a 28-day cycle.

Correct Pregnancy Statements

• hCG, hPL, and relaxin's presence in the blood indicates pregnancy.
• During pregnancy, estrogen and progestogen levels increase.

Meiotic Division

• The entry of the sperm into the cytoplasm of the ovum through the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane induces completion of the meiotic division of the secondary oocyte.

Ovary After Ovulation

• After ovulation, the corpus luteum acts as a temporary endocrine gland in the human ovary.

Menopause

• Menopause in human females typically starts around 50 years of age.

Morula

• An embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a morula.
• The size of the morula in humans is smaller than a fertilized egg.

Luteal Phase Duration

• The luteal phase is 14 days long in a woman with a 34-day menstrual cycle.

Peak Hormone for Ovulation

• LH (luteinizing hormone) is the main hormone that reaches its peak level in the middle of the menstrual cycle, triggering ovulation.

Menstrual Cycle

• Lack of the menstrual cycle indicates pregnancy due to feedback

Endometrium Maintenance

• Progesterone primarily maintains endometrium stability during pregnancy.

Second Polar Body Formation

• Second polar body forms during fertilization when sperm enters the cytoplasm of the ovum.

Correct Fertilization Statement

• Sperm entry activates the egg to complete meiosis.

Capacitation Location

• Capacitation occurs in the female reproductive tract.

Estrogen Secretion

• Estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle during the proliferative phase.
• It is also secreted by the corpus luteum during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.

Corpus Luteum Secretion

• After ovulation, the remaining cells of the Graafian follicle form the corpus luteum under LH influence.
• It then secretes progesterone and estrogen to sustain a possible pregnancy.

Graafian Follicle Rupture Induction

• The surge of luteinizing hormone induces Graafian follicle's rupture.

Correct Option

• Statement A: Capacitation is observed in animals both exhibiting external as well as internal fertilization

Menstruation Decline

• The decline in progesterone prompts menstruation.

Uterine Cycle

• The three phases of the uterine cycle in order are: Menstrual → Proliferative → Secretory

A and B Matching

• (a) Human heart is formed During 5th month of gestation
• (b) Development of limbs and digits By the end of 1st trimester of pregnancy
• (c) Major organ systems are formed During 2nd month of pregnancy
• (d) First movement of foetus is observed After 1 month of pregnancy

Menstruation

• Lack of menstruation is a confirmatory indicator of pregnancy.
• Reason: Menstruation only occurs if the released ovum is not fertilized.

Sperm

• In the absence of acrosome, the sperm cannot penetrate the egg

Incorrect Statement

• LH induces ovulation, which usually occurs on ' 14th day in the 35-day cycle.

Embryo Structure

• X is Embryo

Female Anatomy

• All anatomy occur expect Ejaculation

Contradictory Statements

• Both Assertion and Reason are false statements

Sperm

• Sperm is in the second diagram

Graafian Follicle

• The rupture of the Graafian follicle is induced by the Luteinizing Hormone(LH)