Human Reproduction and Development Quiz

The Ovary, Menstrual Cycle, and Pregnancy

• The ovary is organized into outer connective tissue and inner connective tissue called stroma, with the cortex containing follicles and the medulla containing blood vessels and nerves.
• Follicular development involves primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles, with the release of the egg from the dominant follicle.
• The menstrual cycle lasts one month and involves menstrual cycles with 3-7 days of menses, changes in the follicle and ovarian cycle, and changes in the endometrium and uterine cycle.
• The ovarian cycle includes the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase, while the uterine cycle involves menses, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
• Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle is complex, involving the early follicular phase, mid to late follicular phase, ovulation, early to mid-luteal phase, and late luteal phase and menstruation.
• Hormones influence female secondary sex characteristics, with estrogens controlling breast development and fat distribution, and androgens controlling pubic and axillary hair growth and libido.
• Fertilization requires capacitation, which is the final maturation step enabling sperm to fertilize an egg, and occurs in the female reproductive tract.
• Fertilization in the Fallopian tubes involves the release of powerful enzymes from the acrosome in the sperm head and the fusion of sperm and egg triggering the cortical reaction.
• Gestation involves the developing embryo implanting in the endometrium and forming a hollow blastocyst when it reaches the uterus.
• Extraembryonic membranes, including the chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac, play essential roles in the formation of the placenta and the development of the embryo.
• The chorionic villi of the placenta are surrounded by maternal blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes, facilitating the exchange of substances between the mother and the developing embryo.
• The copyright for the information belongs to Pearson Education, Inc., and the material is copyrighted in 2019, 2016, and 2013.

Human Sexual Development and Gametogenesis

• Sexual differentiation occurs early in development with 2 pairs of accessory ducts and bipotential gonads
• Male embryonic development involves the Wolffian ducts developing into reproductive structures with the SRY gene on the Y chromosome
• Female embryonic development results in the development of Müllerian ducts into female reproductive structures without the SRY gene
• Gametogenesis in humans begins in utero with meiosis resulting in the production of haploid cells
• Male gametogenesis involves continuous production of sperm from puberty through life
• Female gametogenesis starts with oögonia completing the mitotic stage by the 5th month of fetal development and no resting pool of oögonia
• Both sexes produce androgens and estrogen, with androgens dominant in males and estrogens dominant in females
• Control pathways for reproduction involve gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) from the hypothalamus regulating secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
• Higher concentrations of estrogen can exert either positive or negative feedback, influencing gonadotropin release
• When circulating levels of gonadal steroids are low, the pituitary secretes FSH and LH
• Figure 26.2(a) and Figure 26.2(b) illustrate sexual development in the human embryo and fetus
• Figure 26.5 and Figure 26.6 depict gametogenesis and hormonal control of reproduction, respectively

The Ovary, Menstrual Cycle, and Pregnancy

• The ovary is organized into outer connective tissue and inner connective tissue called stroma, with the cortex containing follicles and the medulla containing blood vessels and nerves.
• Follicular development involves primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles, with the release of the egg from the dominant follicle.
• The menstrual cycle lasts one month and involves menstrual cycles with 3-7 days of menses, changes in the follicle and ovarian cycle, and changes in the endometrium and uterine cycle.
• The ovarian cycle includes the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase, while the uterine cycle involves menses, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
• Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle is complex, involving the early follicular phase, mid to late follicular phase, ovulation, early to mid-luteal phase, and late luteal phase and menstruation.
• Hormones influence female secondary sex characteristics, with estrogens controlling breast development and fat distribution, and androgens controlling pubic and axillary hair growth and libido.
• Fertilization requires capacitation, which is the final maturation step enabling sperm to fertilize an egg, and occurs in the female reproductive tract.
• Fertilization in the Fallopian tubes involves the release of powerful enzymes from the acrosome in the sperm head and the fusion of sperm and egg triggering the cortical reaction.
• Gestation involves the developing embryo implanting in the endometrium and forming a hollow blastocyst when it reaches the uterus.
• Extraembryonic membranes, including the chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac, play essential roles in the formation of the placenta and the development of the embryo.
• The chorionic villi of the placenta are surrounded by maternal blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes, facilitating the exchange of substances between the mother and the developing embryo.
• The copyright for the information belongs to Pearson Education, Inc., and the material is copyrighted in 2019, 2016, and 2013.

Human Sexual Development and Gametogenesis

• Sexual differentiation occurs early in development with 2 pairs of accessory ducts and bipotential gonads
• Male embryonic development involves the Wolffian ducts developing into reproductive structures with the SRY gene on the Y chromosome
• Female embryonic development results in the development of Müllerian ducts into female reproductive structures without the SRY gene
• Gametogenesis in humans begins in utero with meiosis resulting in the production of haploid cells
• Male gametogenesis involves continuous production of sperm from puberty through life
• Female gametogenesis starts with oögonia completing the mitotic stage by the 5th month of fetal development and no resting pool of oögonia
• Both sexes produce androgens and estrogen, with androgens dominant in males and estrogens dominant in females
• Control pathways for reproduction involve gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) from the hypothalamus regulating secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
• Higher concentrations of estrogen can exert either positive or negative feedback, influencing gonadotropin release
• When circulating levels of gonadal steroids are low, the pituitary secretes FSH and LH
• Figure 26.2(a) and Figure 26.2(b) illustrate sexual development in the human embryo and fetus
• Figure 26.5 and Figure 26.6 depict gametogenesis and hormonal control of reproduction, respectively