Human Reproduction and Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of male gonads?

  • Produce sperm (correct)
  • Produce sex hormones
  • Produce ova
  • Connect gonads with outside environment

    • What do sex chromosomes determine?

  • Height
  • Eye color
  • Genetic sex (correct)
  • Blood type

    • What is the consequence of Turner syndrome?

  • XO: female (correct)
  • YO: dies
  • XXY: male
  • XY: female

    • What is the ploidy of eggs and sperms?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for the 'maintenance' of corpus luteum and is the basis of pregnancy tests?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is necessary for breast development and milk production during pregnancy?

    <p>Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone helps in the development of milk-secreting ducts in the breasts?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone maintains the endometrium and is taken over by the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What peptide hormone, secreted by the ovaries and placenta, softens the cervix prior to labor?

    <p>Relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone initiates smooth muscle contraction in breast tissue and plays a role in involution during lactation?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During late pregnancy, which hormone is not inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and leads to the production of milk by mammary glands?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for converting duct epithelium into secretory structure during late pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to negative feedback inhibition of gonadotropin release?

    <p>Steroid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands contribute secretions to semen in males?

    <p>Prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does sperm production occur in males?

    <p>Testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the failure of both testes to descend into the scrotum called?

    <p>Cryptorchidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are part of the female internal reproductive system?

    <p>Vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of fertilization in females?

    <p>Fallopian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are required for spermatogenesis?

    <p>Gonadotropins and testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains negative feedback on gonadotropin release in males?

    <p>Androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands are part of the male external genitalia?

    <p>Penis, urethra, erectile tissue, glans, and scrotum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics are considered male secondary sexual characteristics?

    <p>Body shape, body hair, muscular development, voice changes, and libido</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to serious side effects and is illegally used by athletes?

    <p>Anabolic steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences reproductive function in both men and women?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the outer connective tissue of the ovary?

    <p>Stroma and cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves the release of the egg from the dominant follicle?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of the uterine cycle?

    <p>Menses, proliferative phase, secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences female secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Estrogens and androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for fertilization to occur?

    <p>Capacitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization typically occur?

    <p>Fallopian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in gestation?

    <p>Developing embryo implanting in the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the extraembryonic membranes involved in the formation of the placenta?

    <p>Chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the chorionic villi of the placenta?

    <p>Maternal blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle involves changes in the endometrium and uterine cycle?

    <p>Secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ovarian medulla contain?

    <p>Blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final maturation step enabling sperm to fertilize an egg?

    <p>Capacitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the SRY gene in male embryonic development?

    <p>It triggers the development of Wolffian ducts into reproductive structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does female gametogenesis start?

    <p>In the 5th month of fetal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of gametogenesis in males?

    <p>Seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in reproduction?

    <p>Stimulates the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when circulating levels of gonadal steroids are low?

    <p>Pituitary secretes FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are dominant in females?

    <p>Estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do higher concentrations of estrogen exert on gonadotropin release?

    <p>Positive or negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does male gametogenesis begin?

    <p>During puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of androgens in males?

    <p>Stimulate the development of male secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures do the Müllerian ducts develop into?

    <p>Female reproductive structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the absence of the SRY gene in female embryonic development?

    <p>Development of Müllerian ducts into female reproductive structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy of cells produced through meiosis in gametogenesis?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy of eggs and sperms?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the genetic sex of an individual?

    <p>Sex Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Y chromosome in sex determination?

    <p>Development of male reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Turner syndrome?

    <p>XO: Female, but 2 X are needed for normal female reproductive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for converting duct epithelium into secretory structure during late pregnancy?

    <p>Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone initiates smooth muscle contraction in breast tissue and plays a role in involution during lactation?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the 'maintenance' of corpus luteum and is the basis of pregnancy tests?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is necessary for breast development and milk production during pregnancy?

    <p>Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone maintains the endometrium and is taken over by the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What peptide hormone, secreted by the ovaries and placenta, softens the cervix prior to labor?

    <p>Relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is not inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and leads to the production of milk by mammary glands during late pregnancy?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the development of milk-secreting ducts in the breasts?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes secretions to semen in males?

    <p>Prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does sperm production occur in males?

    <p>Testes, with sperm being produced in the seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the failure of both testes to descend into the scrotum called?

    <p>Cryptorchidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of fertilization in females?

    <p>Fallopian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains negative feedback on gonadotropin release in males?

    <p>Androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone initiates smooth muscle contraction in breast tissue and plays a role in involution during lactation?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences reproductive function in both men and women?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of androgens in maintaining negative feedback on gonadotropin release?

    <p>Decrease FSH and LH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in reproduction?

    <p>Stimulates the release of FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for converting duct epithelium into secretory structure during late pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are male secondary sexual characteristics?

    <p>Body shape, body hair, muscular development, voice changes, and libido</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are female external genitalia?

    <p>Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does follicular development take place in the ovary?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final maturation step enabling sperm to fertilize an egg called?

    <p>Capacitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of androgens in females?

    <p>Controlling fat distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves the release of the egg from the dominant follicle?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Turner syndrome?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of fertilization in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Fallopian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of extraembryonic membranes in gestation?

    <p>Forming the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy of eggs and sperms?

    <p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the chorionic villi of the placenta?

    <p>Surrounded by maternal blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the absence of the SRY gene in male embryonic development?

    <p>Formation of ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovarian medulla?

    <p>Blood vessel and nerve containment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the uterine cycle in the menstrual system?

    <p>Preparing for implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the development of male reproductive structures in embryonic development?

    <p>SRY gene on the Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the continuous production of sperm from puberty through life?

    <p>Gametogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of female gametogenesis?

    <p>Ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones for reproduction?

    <p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone can exert either positive or negative feedback on gonadotropin release?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does female gametogenesis start?

    <p>During fetal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the development of female reproductive structures in embryonic development?

    <p>Müllerian ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates the 'maintenance' of corpus luteum and is the basis of pregnancy tests?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of androgens in males?

    <p>Dominant hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates smooth muscle contraction in breast tissue and plays a role in involution during lactation?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is responsible for converting duct epithelium into secretory structure during late pregnancy?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the development of male reproductive structures in embryonic development?

    <p>SRY gene on the Y chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Ovary, Menstrual Cycle, and Pregnancy

    • The ovary is organized into outer connective tissue and inner connective tissue called stroma, with the cortex containing follicles and the medulla containing blood vessels and nerves.
    • Follicular development involves primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles, with the release of the egg from the dominant follicle.
    • The menstrual cycle lasts one month and involves menstrual cycles with 3-7 days of menses, changes in the follicle and ovarian cycle, and changes in the endometrium and uterine cycle.
    • The ovarian cycle includes the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase, while the uterine cycle involves menses, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
    • Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle is complex, involving the early follicular phase, mid to late follicular phase, ovulation, early to mid-luteal phase, and late luteal phase and menstruation.
    • Hormones influence female secondary sex characteristics, with estrogens controlling breast development and fat distribution, and androgens controlling pubic and axillary hair growth and libido.
    • Fertilization requires capacitation, which is the final maturation step enabling sperm to fertilize an egg, and occurs in the female reproductive tract.
    • Fertilization in the Fallopian tubes involves the release of powerful enzymes from the acrosome in the sperm head and the fusion of sperm and egg triggering the cortical reaction.
    • Gestation involves the developing embryo implanting in the endometrium and forming a hollow blastocyst when it reaches the uterus.
    • Extraembryonic membranes, including the chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac, play essential roles in the formation of the placenta and the development of the embryo.
    • The chorionic villi of the placenta are surrounded by maternal blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes, facilitating the exchange of substances between the mother and the developing embryo.
    • The copyright for the information belongs to Pearson Education, Inc., and the material is copyrighted in 2019, 2016, and 2013.

    Human Sexual Development and Gametogenesis

    • Sexual differentiation occurs early in development with 2 pairs of accessory ducts and bipotential gonads
    • Male embryonic development involves the Wolffian ducts developing into reproductive structures with the SRY gene on the Y chromosome
    • Female embryonic development results in the development of Müllerian ducts into female reproductive structures without the SRY gene
    • Gametogenesis in humans begins in utero with meiosis resulting in the production of haploid cells
    • Male gametogenesis involves continuous production of sperm from puberty through life
    • Female gametogenesis starts with oögonia completing the mitotic stage by the 5th month of fetal development and no resting pool of oögonia
    • Both sexes produce androgens and estrogen, with androgens dominant in males and estrogens dominant in females
    • Control pathways for reproduction involve gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) from the hypothalamus regulating secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
    • Higher concentrations of estrogen can exert either positive or negative feedback, influencing gonadotropin release
    • When circulating levels of gonadal steroids are low, the pituitary secretes FSH and LH
    • Figure 26.2(a) and Figure 26.2(b) illustrate sexual development in the human embryo and fetus
    • Figure 26.5 and Figure 26.6 depict gametogenesis and hormonal control of reproduction, respectively

    The Ovary, Menstrual Cycle, and Pregnancy

    • The ovary is organized into outer connective tissue and inner connective tissue called stroma, with the cortex containing follicles and the medulla containing blood vessels and nerves.
    • Follicular development involves primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles, with the release of the egg from the dominant follicle.
    • The menstrual cycle lasts one month and involves menstrual cycles with 3-7 days of menses, changes in the follicle and ovarian cycle, and changes in the endometrium and uterine cycle.
    • The ovarian cycle includes the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase, while the uterine cycle involves menses, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.
    • Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle is complex, involving the early follicular phase, mid to late follicular phase, ovulation, early to mid-luteal phase, and late luteal phase and menstruation.
    • Hormones influence female secondary sex characteristics, with estrogens controlling breast development and fat distribution, and androgens controlling pubic and axillary hair growth and libido.
    • Fertilization requires capacitation, which is the final maturation step enabling sperm to fertilize an egg, and occurs in the female reproductive tract.
    • Fertilization in the Fallopian tubes involves the release of powerful enzymes from the acrosome in the sperm head and the fusion of sperm and egg triggering the cortical reaction.
    • Gestation involves the developing embryo implanting in the endometrium and forming a hollow blastocyst when it reaches the uterus.
    • Extraembryonic membranes, including the chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac, play essential roles in the formation of the placenta and the development of the embryo.
    • The chorionic villi of the placenta are surrounded by maternal blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes, facilitating the exchange of substances between the mother and the developing embryo.
    • The copyright for the information belongs to Pearson Education, Inc., and the material is copyrighted in 2019, 2016, and 2013.

    Human Sexual Development and Gametogenesis

    • Sexual differentiation occurs early in development with 2 pairs of accessory ducts and bipotential gonads
    • Male embryonic development involves the Wolffian ducts developing into reproductive structures with the SRY gene on the Y chromosome
    • Female embryonic development results in the development of Müllerian ducts into female reproductive structures without the SRY gene
    • Gametogenesis in humans begins in utero with meiosis resulting in the production of haploid cells
    • Male gametogenesis involves continuous production of sperm from puberty through life
    • Female gametogenesis starts with oögonia completing the mitotic stage by the 5th month of fetal development and no resting pool of oögonia
    • Both sexes produce androgens and estrogen, with androgens dominant in males and estrogens dominant in females
    • Control pathways for reproduction involve gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) from the hypothalamus regulating secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
    • Higher concentrations of estrogen can exert either positive or negative feedback, influencing gonadotropin release
    • When circulating levels of gonadal steroids are low, the pituitary secretes FSH and LH
    • Figure 26.2(a) and Figure 26.2(b) illustrate sexual development in the human embryo and fetus
    • Figure 26.5 and Figure 26.6 depict gametogenesis and hormonal control of reproduction, respectively

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    Description

    "The Ovary, Menstrual Cycle, and Pregnancy" and "Human Sexual Development and Gametogenesis" quizzes cover topics related to female reproductive anatomy, ovarian function, menstrual cycle, hormonal control, fertilization, gestation, sexual differentiation, gametogenesis, and reproductive hormone regulation. These quizzes provide in-depth information on the processes involved in human reproduction and development.

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