Human Physiology Quiz: Respiration and Circulation
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Questions and Answers

What is the tidal volume of an adult during normal breathing?

  • 500 mL (correct)
  • 250 mL
  • 750 mL
  • 1000 mL

    • Which term describes very shallow respirations?

  • Dyspnea
  • Apnea
  • Hyperventilation
  • Hypoventilation (correct)

    • What does respiratory rhythm refer to?

  • The consistency of breathing sounds
  • The volume of air exchanged
  • The regularity of inspirations and expirations (correct)
  • The effort required to breathe

    • Which aspect of respiration is characterized by abnormal sounds, such as wheezing?

    <p>Respiratory quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the effectiveness of respiration primarily measured?

    <p>Oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of pulse pressure?

    <p>The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a normal pulse pressure?

    <p>Around 40 mmHg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by consistently elevated pulse pressure?

    <p>Arteriosclerosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of obtaining blood pressure using the auscultatory method?

    <p>The first tapping sound is heard (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When measuring blood pressure using the palpatory method, when is the pressure read from the sphygmomanometer?

    <p>When the first pulsation is felt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pulse oximeter measure?

    <p>Blood oxygen saturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can cause inaccuracies in pulse oximeter readings?

    <p>Circulation impairment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Korotkoff sounds in blood pressure measurement?

    <p>They represent different phases of blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pulse oximeter fail to differentiate between?

    <p>Oxygen saturation and carbon monoxide saturation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following directly involves invasive monitoring techniques?

    <p>Inserting a catheter into an artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when obtaining blood pressure readings?

    <p>Different methods may yield varying results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the core temperature of the body?

    <p>Temperature of deep tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with an increase in body heat production?

    <p>Lower thyroxine output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does radiation contribute to heat loss from the body?

    <p>By transferring heat without contact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes conduction in relation to heat loss?

    <p>Direct contact transfer of heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are primary skin lesions?

    <p>Alterations appearing in response to environmental changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is insensible water loss?

    <p>Loss of moisture from the skin and respiratory tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a nail that curves upward from the nail bed?

    <p>Koilonychia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological response increases body temperature during stressful situations?

    <p>Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT generally affect basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

    <p>Emotional state of the individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a clubbed nail indicate?

    <p>Long-term lack of oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the dispersal of heat through air currents?

    <p>Convection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment is NOT typically included when evaluating a client's hair?

    <p>Measuring hair length. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal angle between the fingernail and the nail bed?

    <p>160 degrees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a health assessment, what is the term for a head size that is within normal limits?

    <p>Normocephalic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a blanch test assess in the context of nail examination?

    <p>Peripheral circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to describe skin lesions?

    <p>Dietary history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a resting tremor most commonly indicate about a client?

    <p>A potential neurologic issue (A), Relaxation of the individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assessed as part of the neurologic system examination?

    <p>Mental status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes sensory aphasia?

    <p>Inability to comprehend language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is essential for the process of sound transmission in the inner ear?

    <p>Cochlea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assessed under the orientation check during a mental status examination?

    <p>Recognition of surroundings and self (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear contains the ossicles?

    <p>Middle ear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 7 or less indicate?

    <p>Coma state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major area of assessment in mental status evaluation?

    <p>Tactile discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cerumen in the external ear canal?

    <p>Protect and lubricate the canal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the extent of a neurologic exam?

    <p>Client's age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does air-conducted sound transmission begin?

    <p>Sound enters the external auditory canal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of functions are assessed within sensory functions?

    <p>Touch, pain, and temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear stabilizes air pressure between the external atmosphere and the middle ear?

    <p>Eustachian tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the external ear?

    <p>Cochlea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method through which bone-conducted sound reaches the auditory nerve?

    <p>Directly through the skull bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT involved in the assessment of the ear?

    <p>Nasal cavities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Shallow respirations

    Breathing with minimal air volume and lung tissue use.

    Tidal volume

    The amount of air taken in during normal breathing, about 500 mL in adults.

    Hyperventilation

    Very deep, rapid respirations leading to excess oxygen intake.

    Hypoventilation

    Very shallow respirations resulting in inadequate air exchange.

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    Respiratory rhythm

    The regularity of inhalations and exhalations.

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    Respiratory quality

    Aspects of breathing that differ from normal, like sound and effort.

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    Systolic pressure

    Pressure of blood during heart ventricle contraction.

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    Pulse pressure

    The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

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    Core temperature

    The temperature of deep body tissues, like abdominal and pelvic cavities.

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    Surface temperature

    The temperature of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fat.

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    Heat balance

    When heat produced equals heat lost in the body.

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    Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

    The rate of energy used by the body at rest for essential functions.

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    Radiation

    Heat transfer without contact, mainly as infrared rays.

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    Conduction

    Heat transfer through contact between molecules.

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    Convection

    Heat dispersion via air currents, warm air rises and cools down.

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    Evaporation

    Continuous vaporization of moisture leading to insensible heat loss.

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    Skin Lesion

    An alteration in a client's normal skin appearance.

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    Primary Skin Lesions

    Lesions that appear initially due to external or internal changes.

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    Secondary Skin Lesions

    Lesions resulting from modifications of primary lesions.

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    Hair Assessment

    Inspection of hair and scalp for even distribution and texture.

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    Alopecia

    Hair loss that may be caused by therapies or conditions.

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    Nail Plate Abnormalities

    Changes in nail shape or texture that indicate health issues.

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    Koilonychia

    A condition where nails curve upwards, often due to iron deficiency.

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    Normocephalic

    Term for a normal head size during assessment.

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    Arteriovenous Fistula

    A connection between an artery and a vein, commonly used for renal dialysis.

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    Direct Blood Pressure Measurement

    Involves catheter insertion into an artery for continuous monitoring.

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    Auscultatory Method

    Noninvasive blood pressure measurement using a stethoscope to hear Korotkoff sounds.

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    Korotkoff Sounds

    Series of sounds heard during blood pressure measurement, indicating systolic and diastolic pressure.

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    Palpatory Method

    Blood pressure measurement by feeling arterial pulsations instead of listening for sounds.

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    Pulse Oximeter

    A noninvasive device that estimates blood oxygen saturation without needing blood tests.

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    Factors Affecting Oxygen Saturation

    Elements like hemoglobin, circulation, and movement that can influence oximetry readings.

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    Health Assessment

    The process of evaluating a client's health status as part of nursing care.

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    Anisocoria

    Unequal pupils that may signal a CNS disorder.

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    External ear

    Comprises auricle, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane.

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    Middle ear

    An air-filled cavity containing the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes).

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    Ossicles

    Three tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound: malleus, incus, stapes.

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    Eustachian tube

    Connects middle ear to nasopharynx, equalizes ear pressure.

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    Cochlea

    Seashell-shaped structure in the inner ear essential for hearing.

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    Air conduction

    Sound transmission through air via the external and middle ear.

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    Bone conduction

    Direct sound transmission to the auditory nerve via skull bones.

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    Resting tremor

    A tremor that is most noticeable when the patient is relaxed.

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    Neurologic examination

    A check of the nervous system including mental status, cranial nerves, reflexes, motor, and sensory functions.

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    Mental status assessment

    Evaluation of general cerebral function, including cognitive and affective functions.

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    Aphasia

    Loss of ability to communicate verbally or through writing due to cerebral cortex damage.

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    Orientation assessment

    Evaluates awareness of person, time, place, and self.

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    Memory assessment

    Testing recall of recent, immediate, and long-term information.

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    Level of consciousness (LOC)

    The state of awareness ranging from alertness to coma.

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    Glasgow Coma Scale

    A scale to assess consciousness based on eye, motor, and verbal responses.

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    Study Notes

    Bachelor Degree in Nursing

    • Course title: Nursing Practice
    • University: La Sapienza of Rome
    • Instructor: Prof. Matteo Bonifazi
    • Qualification: RN, MSN
    • Academic year: 2024/2025

    Nursing Practice Course Objectives

    • Incorporate essential cultural and professional knowledge
    • Develop skills to contribute meaningfully to healthcare
    • Cover general and pediatric nursing science
    • Demonstrate thorough comprehension of the nursing process
    • Apply nursing process in clinical contexts

    Suggested Textbook

    • Kozier & Erb's (2022). Fundamentals of nursing. Global Edition. Concepts, Process and Practice. 11th Edition

    Contact Information

    Vital Signs

    • Measurements of the body's most basic functions
    • Traditional vital signs: body temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure
    • Additional vital signs: pain, oxygen saturation

    Monitoring Vital Signs

    • Methodical, scientific approach
    • Evaluate regarding the client's present/prior health status, usual readings, and accepted standards
    • Increased frequency if client's health status warrants it

    Times to Assess Vital Signs

    • Admission to a healthcare setting to establish baseline data
    • When a client experiences a change in health condition or reports symptoms (e.g., chest pain, feeling faint).
    • Before/After surgery or an invasive procedure
    • Before/After medication with potential effects on respiratory/cardiovascular systems (e.g., digitalis administration)
    • Before/After any nursing intervention affecting vital signs (e.g., transferring a confined client.)

    Body Temperature

    • Balance between heat production & loss
    • Measured in degrees
    • Core temperature: deep body tissues (abdominal/pelvic cavity)
    • Surface temperature: skin, subcutaneous tissue, fat (influenced by the environment).
    • Body is in heat balance when heat produced equals heat lost

    Factors Affecting Heat Production

    • Basal metabolic rate (BMR): decreases with age, higher in younger people.
    • Muscle activity: shivering increases BMR
    • Thyroxine output: a hormone that increases cellular metabolism
    • Epinephrine & norepinephrine: released during stress, increases cellular metabolism, and thus increases body temperature.
    • Fever: elevates cellular metabolic rate, raising body temperature.

    Mechanisms of Heat Loss

    • Radiation: transfer of heat from one object to another without contact (infrared rays)
    • Conduction: transfer of heat from one molecule to another of lower temperature; direct contact required.
    • Convection: heat loss via air currents.
    • Evaporation: water loss from respiratory tract and skin; called insensible heat loss.

    Body Temperature Regulation

    • System with three main parts:
      • Sensors in the periphery and core
      • Integrator in the hypothalamus
      • Effector system adjusting heat production and loss.

    Physiological Processes Raising Body Temperature in Response to Cold exposure:

    • Shivering (increased heat production)
    • Reduced sweating (decreased heat loss)
    • Vasoconstriction (reduced heat loss).

    Hypothalamic Integrator

    • Controls core temperature.
    • Sends signals to reduce temperature by decreasing heat production and increasing heat loss when heat is detected
    • Sends signals to increase heat production and decrease heat loss when cold is detected.

    Effector System

    • Initiates responses like vasoconstriction, shivering, and epinephrine release (increased cellular metabolism, heat production) when cold stimuli detected.
    • Initiates sweating and vasodilation when warmth stimuli detected.
    • The client can also make voluntary adjustments such as wearing more clothes or using a fan.

    Factors Affecting Body Temperature

    • Age (infants are most susceptible to environmental temperature changes.)
    • Circadian rhythms (lowest body temperature during the night.)
    • Exercise (increases body temperature.)
    • Hormones (progesterone in women around ovulation.)
    • Stress (sympathetic nervous system stimulation boosts metabolic activity & heat production.)
    • Environmental factors (extremes of heat/cold.)

    Alterations (Temp.)

    • Pyrexia (fever): body temperature above normal range
    • Hyperpyrexia (iperpyrexia): body temperature around 41°C
    • Febrile/afebrile: describing a person with/without fever
    • Different types of pyrexia (e.g. intermittent, remittent, relapsing, constant, spike).
    • Heat exhaustion: excessive heat/dehydration; moderately elevated temp. - Heat stroke: A dangerously high temp.; warm flushed skin and can lead to delirium/loss of consciousness.

    Hypothermia

    • Low core body temperature
    • Three mechanisms: excessive heat loss, inadequate heat production, impaired hypothalamic thermoregulation
    • Clinical signs: decreased body temperature, pulse, and respirations; shivering (initially); pale, cool skin; frostbite; hypotension; decreased urinary output; lack of muscle coordination; drowsiness/ coma.
    • Two types: induced and accidental

    Assessing Body Temperature

    • Oral (wait 30 minutes)
    • Rectal (accurate, but not appropriate in certain circumstances)
    • Axillary (lower readings than rectal)
    • Tympanic (core temperature)
    • Forehead (suitable for infants/children)

    Types of Thermometers

    • Mercury-in-glass (outdated)
    • Electronic
    • Chemical disposable
    • Temperature-sensitive tape
    • Infrared
    • Temporal artery

    Temperature Scales

    • Celsius/Centigrade (using degrees Celsius)
    • Fahrenheit (using degrees Fahrenheit). Conversion formulas provided.

    Pulse

    • Wave of blood created by left ventricle contraction
    • Reflects stroke volume/amount of blood entering arteries with each contraction.
    • Affected by arterial compliance (ability to contract/expand). With age, this decreases, requiring higher pressure to pump.
    • Cardiac output = Stroke volume X Heart rate (example calculation)

    Factors Affecting Pulse

    • Age (decreases with age)
    • Sex (males generally have slower resting pulse rates.)
    • Exercise
    • Fever (increased heart rate)
    • Medications (some affect heart rate)
    • Hypovolemia/dehydration
    • Stress
    • Body Position
    • Pathology

    Pulse Sites

    • Temporal
    • Carotid
    • Apical (heart)
    • Brachial
    • Radial
    • Femoral
    • Popliteal
    • Posterior tibial
    • Dorsalis pedis

    Assessing Pulses

    • Palpating/listening
    • Consider medications, recent activity, baseline data, and positional changes affecting rate.

    Respirations

    • Act of breathing (inhalation, inspiration, exhalation, expiration, ventilation)
    • Two types: costal/thoracic breathing and diaphragmatic/abdominal breathing.

    Mechanics and Regulation of Breathing

    • Inhalation: diaphragm contracts (flattens), ribs move upward/outward, sternum moves outward, enlarging thorax and lungs
    • Exhalation: diaphragm relaxes, ribs move downward/inward, sternum moves inward, decreasing thorax size and compressing lungs
    • Automatic and effortless process

    Factors Controlling Respirations

    • Respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and the pons
    • Chemoreceptors (centrally in medulla/peripherally in carotid/aortic bodies) respond to changes in oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen (H+) levels in the arterial blood.

    Assessing Respirations

    • Rate (normal, abnormally slow, abnormally fast, absence of breathing)
    • Depth (shallow, deep, normal)
    • Rhythm (regular, irregular)
    • Quality (effort required, abnormal sounds)
    • Relationship to cardiovascular system

    Factors Affecting Respirations

    • Exercise/Stress/Temperature/environmental oxygen concentration
    • Medications (e.g., morphine)
    • Increased intracranial pressure.

    Breathing Patterns

    • Tachypnea, Bradypnea, Apnea
    • Hyperventilation/Hypoventilation
    • Biot breathing, Cheyne-Stokes breathing

    Breath Sounds

    • Descriptions and causes of different sounds (crackles, gurgles, friction rub, wheeze).
    • Location of audible sounds.

    Blood Pressure

    • Measure of pressure exerted by blood as it flows through the arteries.
    • Systolic pressure: peak pressure during ventricular contraction
    • Diastolic pressure: lowest pressure when ventricles relax
    • Pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

    Determinants of Blood Pressure

    • Pumping action of heart
    • Peripheral vascular resistance (arterial stiffness)
    • Blood volume
    • Blood viscosity

    Factors Affecting Blood Pressure

    • Age, Exercise, Stress, Race/Ethnicity Sex. Medications, Obesity, Diurnal variation. Medical conditions. Temperature

    Blood Pressure Scales

    • Normal blood pressure readings/MAP
    • Elevated Blood Pressure Readings
    • Hypertension / Hypotension

    Assessing Blood Pressure

    • Manual blood pressure measurement methods using a cuff, sphygmomanometer, and stethoscope
    • Indirect measurement methods: auscultatory, palpatory, direct (invasive)

    Assessing Blood Pressure

    • Assessment sites (upper arm, thigh) in various conditions
    • Conditions contraindicated for measuring on some limbs (e.g., injuries, casts.).

    Oxygen Saturation

    • The proportion of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen.
    • Measured via pulse oximetry on finger, toe, nose, earlobe, forehead
    • Detects low oxygen saturation (hypoxemia) before clinically apparent signs or symptoms appear.

    Factors Affecting Oxygen Saturation Readings

    • Hemoglobin levels, Circulation, Activity, Carbon monoxide poisoning

    Health Assessment: Integument

    • Includes skin, hair, and nails
    • Inspection and palpation used to assess various aspects (color, moisture, texture, shape, lesions, etc.)

    Skin Assessment

    • Possible findings: pallor, cyanosis, jaundice, erythema, edema, lesions, assessment of rashes and other conditions, hair growth/loss.
    • Includes structural/color aspects, evaluation for skin lesions based on location, distribution, configuration, and their characteristics

    Hair Assessment

    • Normal hair qualities: resiliency, even distribution
    • Appearance changes in severe protein deficiency (e.g., kwashiorkor) or certain therapies (alopecia)
    • Inspection

    Nails Assessment

    • Nail plate shape, the angle between the nail and the nail bed, nail texture, the color of the nail bed and the surrounding skin, presence of any lesions,
    • Abnormal conditions such as spoon shape and clubbing, capillary refill test

    Health Assessment: Head

    • Inspection and palpation are essential assessment tools (simultaneously) for the head. The structures addressed are the skull, the face, eyes, ears, sinuses, mouth, and pharynx.

    Skull and Face

    • Landmarks, normal anatomy, and abnormalities in head/face shape.

    Eye and Vision

    • External structures, visual acuity, ocular movement, visual fields
    • Common refractive errors, examination procedures (inspection)
    • Inflammatory problems (conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis, iritis)

    Ears and Hearing

    • External ear (auricle/pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane). Middle ear (ossicles, eustachian tube). Inner ear (cochlea). Sound transmission (air and bone conduction) processes.

    Nose and Sinuses

    • Inspection and palpation method, assessing patency using a penlight

    Mouth and Oropharynx

    • Structures, examination using inspection & palpation, specific problems (e.g., dental caries, periodontal disease, gingivitis).

    Neck

    • Muscles, lymph nodes, trachea, thyroid gland, carotid arteries, and jugular veins.

    Thorax and Lungs

    • Assessment of the thorax and lungs; using inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation
    • Landmarks (rib position, spinous processes)
    • Abnormal conditions (e.g., lung sounds, symmetry, spinal alignment, chest expansion/fremitus)

    Chest Shape and Size

    • Oval shaped thorax; anteroposterior diameter half of the transverse diameter; abnormalities in adults (kyphosis, osteoporosis) cause chest cavity size/shape changes

    Breath Sounds

    • Identifying various breath sounds (crackles, gurgles, friction rub, wheezes).

    Abdomen

    • Assessment techniques (inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation), quadrant/regions division.
    • Listening to bowel sounds and for variations
    • Percussion to determine presence of air/fluid/masses

    Musculoskeletal System

    • Bones, Muscle strength, tone, size and symmetry, presence of tremors.
    • Assessment of tenderness, pain, swelling, range of motion, or abnormal movement patterns.

    Neurological Assessment

    • Mental status, cranial nerves, reflexes, sensory function.
    • Three significant considerations (chief complaints, client's physical condition/level of alertness) of neurological examination.

    Mental Status

    • Cognitive/intellectual and emotional functions (e.g. language, orientation, memory, and attention span/calculation).

    Language

    • Assessment for language defect/loss (e.g., aphasia, sensory, motor)

    Orientation

    • Assessment of awareness of person, place, and time.

    Level of Consciousness (LOC)

    • Glasgow Coma Scale for assessing level of consciousness (eye, motor, verbal responses).

    Sensory Assessments

    • Test for touch, pain, temperature, position, and tactile discrimination.
    • Identify abnormal responses (anesthesia, hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia, and paresthesia).

    Female Genitals and Inguinal Area

    • Assessments and inspection
    • Papanicolaou tests (Pap smears)
    • Identifying lesions and performing palpation of axillary/inguinal lymph nodes

    Male Genitals and Inguinal Area

    • Include inspection of the genitalia, prostate gland assessing for hernias, and awareness of common reproductive/urinary issues (e.g., hernias, prostate cancer)

    Anus

    • Inspection of the anus and surrounding tissue for unusual parameters
    • Observe for skin lesions, color, and pain.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of human physiology, focusing on respiration and circulatory parameters. This quiz covers various topics, including tidal volume, respiratory rhythm, pulse pressure, and blood pressure measurement techniques. Get ready to assess your understanding of these essential physiological functions.

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