Human Physiology: Oxygen Transport
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of oxygen in the blood is transported bound to hemoglobin?

  • 50%
  • 75%
  • 90%
  • 98% (correct)

How many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin molecule carry?

  • Three
  • Two
  • Four (correct)
  • Five

What is the primary way that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

  • As bicarbonate ions (correct)
  • Bound to hemoglobin
  • As carbonic acid
  • Dissolved in plasma

Which of the following best describes the color change of blood due to oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

<p>Oxygenated blood is bright cherry-red (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location is the diffusion gradient for oxygen highest?

<p>Alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of gas exchange in organisms?

<p>To supply O2 for cellular respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptations is NOT required for effective gas exchange?

<p>Respiratory surfaces are heavily vascularized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gas exchange primarily occur in all organisms?

<p>Through diffusion processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the human respiratory system?

<p>Conducting portion and gas-exchange portion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the waste product generated by cellular respiration?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does moisture play in gas exchange?

<p>It allows gases to dissolve and diffuse more efficiently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What requirement is essential for gas exchange to occur by diffusion?

<p>Concentration gradients of gases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must respiratory surfaces be thin?

<p>To minimize diffusion distances for gases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle is primarily responsible for the downward movement during inhalation?

<p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during exhalation in relation to the diaphragm?

<p>The diaphragm domes upward. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain controls the breathing rate?

<p>Medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily regulates the respiratory rate in the body?

<p>CO2 receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of gas exchange in the human respiratory system?

<p>Alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chest cavity during inhalation?

<p>It increases in size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the muscles responsible for inhalation relax?

<p>Air is expelled passively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the surfactant serve in the alveoli?

<p>Prevents alveolar surfaces from collapsing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure surrounds the alveoli to assist in gas exchange?

<p>Capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the diaphragm?

<p>It is a self-activating muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one outcome of contraction of the rib muscles during inhalation?

<p>The ribs lift and expand outward. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells primarily make up the walls of the alveoli?

<p>Squamous epithelial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many alveoli are approximately found in an average adult's lungs?

<p>300 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which gases enter and leave the blood in the lungs?

<p>Diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes the respiratory membrane involved in gas exchange?

<p>Epithelial cells and endothelial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the alveoli contributes significantly to the efficiency of gas exchange?

<p>Their large surface area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the epiglottis play during swallowing?

<p>It covers the larynx and directs substances into the esophagus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the vocal cords when exhaled air passes through them?

<p>They vibrate, producing tones of speech or song. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for making sounds in the respiratory system?

<p>Larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of air passage after entering the nasal cavity?

<p>Pharynx -&gt; Larynx -&gt; Trachea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the trachea in the respiratory system?

<p>To conduct air to the bronchi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the epiglottis during normal breathing?

<p>It tilts upward, allowing airflow to the larynx. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the respiratory system is the site of gas exchange?

<p>Alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do muscular contractions affect the vocal cords?

<p>They cause the vocal cords to vibrate, producing sound. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiration

The process by which organisms exchange gases with their surrounding environment, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

Cellular Respiration

The metabolic process that converts the energy stored in food into usable energy for cells.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

Conducting Portion

The set of passageways that allow air to flow in and out of the gas exchange portion of the respiratory system.

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Gas-Exchange Portion

The part of the respiratory system where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood.

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What is the function of the respiratory system?

The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate the exchange of gases with the environment. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is essential for cellular respiration.

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What are the three adaptations that ensure efficient gas exchange?

Respiratory surfaces remain moist, respiratory surfaces are thin, and respiratory surfaces have a large surface area.

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How do adaptations help gas exchange?

Moist surfaces allow gases to dissolve and diffuse, thin surfaces minimize diffusion distances, and large surface areas maximize the area for gas exchange.

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What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

The passageway responsible for conveying air to the lungs. It includes structures involved in sound production.

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Where does air enter the conducting portion?

The nasal and oral cavities are the initial entry points for air.

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What is the pharynx?

A chamber at the back of the throat where air passes through from the mouth or nose.

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Where are sounds produced?

The larynx, also known as the 'voice box', is responsible for sound production.

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What is the epiglottis?

A flap of tissue that guards the larynx, preventing food from entering the airway.

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What happens to the epiglottis during swallowing?

During swallowing, the epiglottis lowers to cover the larynx, guiding food into the esophagus.

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What are vocal cords?

Bands of elastic tissue in the larynx that create different sounds by vibrating when air passes over them.

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What is the trachea?

The trachea, or windpipe, is a flexible tube reinforced with cartilage that carries air from the larynx to the lungs.

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How does the diaphragm influence breathing?

The diaphragm contracts or relaxes, changing the size of the chest cavity, and therefore the pressure inside.

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What is breathing?

The process of taking in air (inhalation) and releasing air (exhalation) from the lungs. It's a bulk flow of air driven by pressure differences.

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Are inhalation and exhalation active or passive processes?

Inhalation is active, requiring muscle effort. Exhalation is passive, relying on muscle relaxation.

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Explain the mechanics of inhalation and exhalation.

Contracting the diaphragm pulls it downwards, increasing chest cavity volume, reducing air pressure and drawing air into the lungs. Relaxing the diaphragm allows it to dome upwards, decreasing chest cavity volume, increasing air pressure and pushing air out.

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Where is the breathing control center located?

The respiratory center in the medulla, a part of the brain, controls the rate of breathing.

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How does the respiratory center adjust breathing?

The respiratory center receives signals from sensors like CO2 receptors, which adjust breathing to maintain stable levels of CO2 and O2 in the blood.

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How are breathing muscles controlled?

The diaphragm and rib muscles are not self-activating. They require signals from nerves originating in the respiratory center in the medulla.

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How does the breathing rate adapt to needs?

The breathing rate can be adjusted to meet the body’s changing needs, such as during exercise, when the body needs more oxygen.

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Hemoglobin

A protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and transports it throughout the body.

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Gas exchange in the lungs

The process of gas exchange between the blood and the alveoli in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

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Carbon dioxide transport in blood

The transport of carbon dioxide in the blood occurs in three ways. About 10% is dissolved in plasma, 20% binds to hemoglobin, and 70% converts to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) when combining with water.

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Diffusion gradient during gas exchange

The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli in the lungs and the blood is driven by differences in partial pressures. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli, where its partial pressure is higher, to the blood, where its partial pressure is lower. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood, where its partial pressure is higher, to the alveoli, where its partial pressure is lower.

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Carbonic anhydrase

The enzyme that plays a critical role in the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood. It catalyzes the reaction where carbon dioxide combines with water.

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What are alveoli?

The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange between the air and blood takes place.

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What is surfactant?

A thin layer of fluid lining the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing and sticking together during exhalation. It contains a detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension.

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What are capillaries in the lungs?

A network of tiny blood vessels that surround the alveoli, allowing for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air.

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What is the respiratory membrane?

The thin membrane that separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries, allowing for the diffusion of gases.

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How does gas exchange work?

Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli.

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Why are there so many alveoli?

The larger surface area provided by the millions of alveoli allows for efficient gas exchange.

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How does the thinness of the alveoli and capillaries help with gas exchange?

The thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries allow for easy diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane.

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Why is a moist environment important for gas exchange?

The moist environment within the alveoli enables the gases to dissolve and diffuse efficiently across the respiratory membrane.

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Study Notes

Respiration: Chapter 34

  • Respiration is the process of exchanging gases with the environment, crucial for cellular respiration.
  • Essential for cellular respiration, it requires a continuous supply of oxygen (O2) and expels carbon dioxide (CO2) as a waste product.
  • Gas exchange relies on diffusion, a passive process.

Requirements for Gas Exchange in Animals

  • Moist surfaces: Cell membranes need a moist environment for gases to dissolve and diffuse.
  • Thin surfaces: Reduced diffusion distances enable efficient gas exchange.
  • Large surface area: A large surface area provides ample space for gas exchange to meet the organism's needs.

Human Respiratory System: Structure and Function

  • Divided into two components: conducting portion and gas-exchange portion.
  • Conducting portion: A series of passageways carrying air to and from the gas exchange portion.
    • Nasal/oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
    • Larynx: A "voice box" responsible for sound production.
      • Epiglottis: A flap that covers the larynx during swallowing, preventing food and liquid from entering the respiratory tract.
  • Gas-exchange portion: In the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.
    • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs surrounded by a network of capillaries, enabling diffusion of gases.

Breathing Mechanisms

  • Inhalation (Active):
    • Diaphragm contracts, moving downward.
    • Rib muscles contract, lifting the ribs.
    • Increases the volume of the chest cavity.
    • Reduced pressure in the lungs, drawing air inward.
  • Exhalation (Passive):
    • Diaphragm relaxes, moving upward.
    • Rib muscles relax, lowering the ribs.
    • Decreases the volume of the chest cavity.
    • Increased pressure in the lungs, forcing air outward.

Control of Breathing

  • Controlled by a respiratory center in the brain's medulla.
  • Stimulated by impulses from nerve cells in response to changes in the body's needs.
  • Adjusting the breathing rate and volume in response to changing oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
    • CO2 is crucial for regulating breathing rate.

Gas Exchange in Alveoli

  • Occurs within the alveoli of the lungs.
  • Alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange.
  • Thin, moist respiratory membrane between air and blood enables efficient diffusion.
    • Surfactant: A fluid lining alveoli to prevent collapse and maintain their elasticity.

Transport of Gases in Blood

  • Oxygen: Primarily bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
  • Carbon dioxide: Transported in the blood in three ways:
    • Dissolved in plasma.
    • Bound to hemoglobin (different site than oxygen).
    • As bicarbonate ions (HCO3−).

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BIOL160 Chapter 34 Respiration PDF

Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to oxygen transport in the blood, including hemoglobin binding properties and the transport of carbon dioxide. Test your understanding of the physiological mechanisms governing gas exchange and the characteristics of blood related to oxygen saturation.

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