Human Physiology: Cell Functions and Healing

Questions and Answers

How is weight gain accomplished in adipocytes?

Individual adipocytes easily lose and gain cell volume by losing or accumulating more fat.

What is inhibiting the sperm in a woman with granulation tissue?

Granulation tissue secretes bacteria-inhibiting substances.

Why is recovery from a tendon injury long and painful?

Recovery will be long and painful because collagenous structures like tendons are poorly vascularized.

Why do cartilage and tendons take so long to heal?

Cartilage is largely avascular, and tendons are poorly vascularized. Signup and view all the answers

How does hypersecretion of serous fluid in mesothelial cancer affect respiration?

It displaces lung volume and makes respiration more difficult. Signup and view all the answers

In cases of ruptured appendix, what serous membrane is likely to become infected?

The peritoneum will be inflamed and infected. Signup and view all the answers

What are some advantages of the avascularity of epithelium and cartilage?

Simple epithelium is thinner to protect vessels, while cartilage withstands severe compression. Signup and view all the answers

Why do muscle cells have many mitochondria?

Mitochondria are important sites of ATP production, which muscles need during contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What types of tissue can have microvilli and cilia?

Microvilli are found on simple cuboidal and columnar epithelia; ciliated tissue is found in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia. Signup and view all the answers

Why do endocrine glands start out having ducts?

They are derived from surface epithelium and lose their connection to the surface during development. Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between basal lamina and basement membrane?

A basal lamina is part of the basement membrane, which includes connective tissue fibers. Signup and view all the answers

Is the elastic connective tissue layer in large arteries regulatory or irregularly arranged?

It is irregularly arranged. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of tissue surrounds a bone shaft?

A bone shaft is surrounded by a sheet of dense irregular connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleate?

They are large and require multiple nuclei for adequate protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

How does the nervous system develop from the ectoderm?

It develops by invagination from the ectoderm. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Weight Gain and Fat Cell Function

Adipocytes (fat cells) cannot divide but can change volume by storing or releasing fat.

Granulation Tissue and Fertility

Granulation tissue in the vaginal canal can inhibit sperm due to its secretion of substances that impede bacteria and sperm function.

Tendon Healing

Tendons heal slowly due to poor vascularization, leading to long and painful recovery times.

Cartilage and Tendon Recovery

Healing time for cartilage and tendons is prolonged because:
- Cartilage is largely avascular.
- Tendons are poorly supplied with blood, slowing down healing.

Serous Fluid and Respiratory Issues

In mesothelial cancer, excess serous fluid in the pleura compresses lung volume, making breathing difficult and impairing nutrient diffusion to tissues.

Peritoneum Infections

Infections of the peritoneum, often due to ruptured appendix, can spread rapidly and endanger life due to its proximity to many vascularized organs.

Avascularity in Tissues

Avascular characteristics of epithelium provide:
- Protection from damage to underlying blood vessels.
- The ability to withstand severe compression (in cartilage) and tensile forces (in tendons).

Muscle Cell Structure

Muscle cells are rich in mitochondria for ATP production, whereas macrophages contain lysosomes for breaking down ingested materials.

Microvilli and Cilia in Epithelium

Microvilli enhance surface area on simple cuboidal and columnar epithelia, while cilia are primarily found on simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelium.

Endocrine Gland Development

Endocrine glands begin with ducts due to their origin from surface epithelium during embryonic stages, eventually losing these ducts.

Basal Lamina vs. Basement Membrane

The basal lamina is part of the basement membrane, which also includes connective tissue fibers, making it distinct from just being a membranous structure.

Elastic Connective Tissue in Arteries

Large arteries feature irregularly arranged elastic connective tissue to allow multidirectional expansion and flexibility.

Bone Shaft Tissue

Bone shafts are encased by dense irregular connective tissue, offering structural support and protection.

Multinucleate Skeletal Muscle Cells

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate to meet high protein synthesis demands due to their large size.

Nervous System Development

The nervous system arises from ectoderm through the process of invagination, similar to how internal glands develop from superficial epithelial layers.

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Description

Explore the functions of adipocytes, the healing processes of tendons and cartilage, and the implications of granulation tissue in fertility. This quiz also covers the impact of serous fluid on respiratory issues and the dangers of peritoneum infections. Test your understanding of these critical physiological concepts!