Human Organ Systems

Organ Systems

• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves
• Circulatory system: heart, blood vessels, blood
• Respiratory system: lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm
• Digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
• Endocrine system: glands that produce hormones (e.g. thyroid, adrenal glands)
• Integumentary system: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
• Muscular system: skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles
• Skeletal system: bones, cartilage, ligaments
• Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
• Reproductive system: sex organs (e.g. ovaries, testes, uterus, penis)

Body Cavities

• Cranial cavity: contains the brain
• Thoracic cavity: contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
• Abdominal cavity: contains the digestive organs
• Pelvic cavity: contains the reproductive organs

Body Regions

• Head: skull, face, brain
• Neck: cervical vertebrae, trachea, esophagus
• Thorax: chest, lungs, heart
• Abdomen: belly, digestive organs
• Back: spine, muscles, skin
• Upper limb: arm, forearm, hand
• Lower limb: leg, thigh, foot

Directional Terms

• Anterior: front
• Posterior: back
• Superior: above
• Inferior: below
• Medial: towards the midline
• Lateral: away from the midline
• Proximal: near the trunk
• Distal: away from the trunk

Anatomical Position

• Standing upright
• Feet together
• Arms at sides
• Palms facing forward
• Used as a reference point for directional terms

Organ Systems

• The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
• The respiratory system includes the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm
• The digestive system comprises the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
• The endocrine system is composed of glands that produce hormones, such as the thyroid and adrenal glands
• The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
• The muscular system is divided into skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles
• The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments
• The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
• The reproductive system includes the sex organs, such as ovaries, testes, uterus, and penis

Body Cavities

• The cranial cavity houses the brain
• The thoracic cavity contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels
• The abdominal cavity contains the digestive organs
• The pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs

Body Regions

• The head region includes the skull, face, and brain
• The neck region consists of the cervical vertebrae, trachea, and esophagus
• The thorax region includes the chest, lungs, and heart
• The abdomen region is also known as the belly and contains the digestive organs
• The back region includes the spine, muscles, and skin
• The upper limb region consists of the arm, forearm, and hand
• The lower limb region includes the leg, thigh, and foot

Directional Terms

• Anterior refers to the front of the body
• Posterior refers to the back of the body
• Superior refers to a location above another
• Inferior refers to a location below another
• Medial refers to a location towards the midline of the body
• Lateral refers to a location away from the midline of the body
• Proximal refers to a location near the trunk of the body
• Distal refers to a location away from the trunk of the body

Anatomical Position

• The anatomical position is a standard reference point for directional terms
• It is characterized by standing upright with feet together, arms at sides, and palms facing forward

Identify the different organ systems in the human body, including the nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, muscular, and skeletal systems.