Human Organ Systems and Plant Biology Quiz

Study Notes

Diffusion: Movement of particles from higher to lower concentration; occurs in gases, liquids, and solutions. Example: Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to blood; carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Respiratory System: Organs involved: nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli. Primary function: gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out). Mechanism: Air enters lungs, reaches alveoli; oxygen diffuses into blood.
Blood: Components: red blood cells (carry oxygen using hemoglobin), white blood cells (fight infections), platelets (help in clotting). Plasma (liquid portion) transports nutrients, hormones, waste, regulates temperature.
Renal System: Organs involved: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra. Function: Filters blood to remove waste (urea, excess salts); maintains water and electrolyte balance. Processes include filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Mineral Deficiencies in Plants:
- Nitrogen: Needed for protein synthesis; deficiency causes yellowing leaves.
- Phosphorus: For energy transfer (ATP); deficiency causes poor root growth.
- Potassium: Aids enzyme activation; deficiency leads to weak stems.
Photosynthesis:
- Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Occurs in chloroplasts using chlorophyll.
- Light-dependent reactions convert light to chemical energy.
- Calvin cycle uses energy to synthesize glucose.
Water and Mineral Transport:
- Water absorbed by roots via osmosis.
- Travels through xylem to leaves.
- Minerals absorbed actively, essential for plant metabolism.
Carbon Cycle: Movement of carbon through atmosphere, organisms, and Earth. Includes photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and fossil fuel combustion.

Calculating Speed: Speed = Distance / Time. Units: m/s, km/h.
Distance-Time Graphs: Slope of graph indicates speed; flat line indicates object is stationary; steeper slope indicates higher speed.
Forces: Force is a push or pull that acts on an object, affecting its motion or shape.
- Balanced forces: No change in motion.
- Unbalanced forces: Cause acceleration.
- Calculating moments: Moment = Force * Distance from pivot.

Atoms: Smallest unit of matter; consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Atomic number: Number of protons.
- Mass number: Protons + Neutrons.
Electrostatics: Study of stationary electric charges; like charges repel; opposite charges attract. Examples: static electricity, lightning.
Reactions of Metals: Reactivity series determines how metals react with water, acids, etc. (e.g., sodium reacts violently with water; gold does not).
Word Equations: Represent reactants and products; Example: Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide.

Water Pressure: Increases with depth. Examples: deep-sea diving, dams.
Pure Substances and Mixtures:
- Pure substances: Single type of particle (e.g., distilled water).
- Mixtures: Combination of two or more substances (e.g., salt water).
Solubility and Chromatography:
- Solubility: Maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a solvent.
- Chromatography: Technique to separate mixtures based on solubility and adsorption.